#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

# ## Built-in Functions
# <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/rambasnet/FDSPython-Notebooks/blob/master/Ch03-1-Functions-Built-in.ipynb" target="_parent"><img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"/></a>
# 
# - named sequence of code that does some specific task or a function
# - we'll learn how to define our own functions in [User Defined Functions chapter](./Ch03-3-Functions-UserDefined.ipynb)
# - some built-in functions we've used so far: type( ), int( ), float( ), str( ), input( ), print( ), etc.
# - Python provides a list of built-in functions that are readily available for use:
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html
# - below are examples of some built-in functions that may be useful to know

# ### bin(x)
# - converts an integer number to a binary string prefixed with "0b".

# In[1]:


bin(3)


# ### format(value, format_spec)
# - formats the give value using format spec

# In[1]:


help(format)


# In[2]:


# If prefix "0b is desired or not, use either of the following ways
print(format(3, '#b'))
print(format(3, 'b'))


# ### chr( uniCode )
# - returns the string representing a character whose Unicode code point is the integer uniCode
# - inverse of ord(character)

# In[3]:


print(chr(65))
print(chr(97))
print(chr(8364))


# ### globals() and locals()
# - globals() returns a dictionary representing the current global symbol table
# - locals() returns a dictionary representing the current local symbol table

# In[4]:


globals()


# ### hex(x)
# - convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with "0x"

# In[5]:


print(hex(42))
print(hex(-42))


# In[2]:


# Other ways
print(format(255, '#x'))
print(format(255, 'x'))
print(format(255, 'X'))


# ### oct(x)
# - return an octal string representation with "0o" prefix of a given integer x

# In[7]:


print(oct(100))


# In[8]:


print(format(10, '#o'))
print(format(10, 'o'))


# ### ord(c)
# - return an integer representing the Unicode code of a given Unicode character

# In[9]:


print(ord(' '))
print(ord('~'))


# ### id(object)
# - return the 'identity' of an object
# - guaranteed unique integer and constant thoughout its lifetime

# In[10]:


x = 10


# In[11]:


id(x)


# ### divmod(a, b)
# - given two non-complex numbers as arguments, return a pair of numbers as tuple consisting of their quotient and remainder using integer division

# In[12]:


print(divmod(7, 3)) # return (quotient, remainder)
quotient, remainder = divmod(7, 3)
print(quotient, remainder)


# ### eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)
# - the expression argument is parsed and evaluated as Python expression
# - syntax errors reported as exceptions

# In[13]:


y = 2
print(eval('y**2'))
print(eval('y+2*3'))


# ### max(iterable, ...) or max(arg1, arg2, ...)
# - returns the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more arguments

# In[14]:


print('max=', max(100, 8.9, 999, 1000.5))


# ### min(arg1, arg2, ...)
# - returns the smallest of the the arguments (arg1, arg2...)

# In[15]:


print('min=', min(100, 8.9, 999, 1000.5))


# ### pow(base, exponent) 
# - returns base to the power exponent

# In[16]:


print('2 to the power 3 =', pow(2, 3))


# ### print()
# - print(*object, sep=' ', end='\\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
# - print takes many arguments and print arbitrary number of values
# - demo some print examples with different argument values

# In[17]:


print('hi', 'hello', sep='', end='')


# In[19]:


print('hi', 'hello', sep=' ', end='')


# In[20]:


print('hi', 'hello', sep=' ', end='')
print('next line?')


# In[21]:


print('hi', 'hello', sep='\t', end='\n')
print('next line?')


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