#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

# # Linear Regression - MLE
# 
# Implementation of the classic linear regression model. Weights are fitted with Maximum Likelihood Estimation using [PyTorch distributions](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/distributions.html). 
# 
# $y \sim \mathcal{N}(\alpha x + \beta, \sigma)$
# 
# 
# ## Setting up the environment

# In[1]:


import os

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

cwd = os.getcwd()
if cwd.endswith('notebook'):
    os.chdir('..')
    cwd = os.getcwd()


# In[2]:


sns.set(palette='colorblind', font_scale=1.3)
palette = sns.color_palette()


# In[3]:


seed = 444
np.random.seed(seed);
torch.manual_seed(seed);


# ## Generate dataset

# In[4]:


α_actual = 2.6
β_actual = 3.3
σ_actual = 0.7


# In[5]:


def generate_samples(α, β, σ, min_x=-1, max_x=1, n_samples=500):
    x = np.linspace(min_x, max_x, n_samples)[:, np.newaxis]
    y = α * x + β
    dist = torch.distributions.Normal(torch.from_numpy(y), σ)
    y_sample = dist.sample()
    return x, y, y_sample.detach().numpy()


# In[6]:


def plot_line(x, y, y_sample):
    f, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 6))
    ax.plot(x.flatten(), y.flatten(), '-', color=palette[2], linewidth=3)
    ax.scatter(x.flatten(), y_sample.flatten(), color=palette[0], alpha=0.8)
    ax.set_xlabel('input x')
    ax.set_ylabel('output y')
    ax.set_title(r'$y \sim N(\alpha x + \beta, \sigma)$')
    return f, ax


# In[7]:


x, y, y_sample = generate_samples(α_actual, β_actual, σ_actual)


# In[8]:


f, _ = plot_line(x, y, y_sample);


# In[9]:


x.shape


# ## Define model

# In[10]:


class LinearNormal(torch.nn.Module):
    
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.α = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.randn(()))
        self.β = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.randn(()))
        self.s = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.randn(()))
        
    @property
    def sigma(self):
        return F.softplus(self.s)  # ensure σ > 0
        
    def forward(self, x):
        m = self.α * x + self.β
        σ = self.sigma
        return torch.distributions.Normal(m, σ)


# In[11]:


def compute_loss(model, x, y):
    out_dist = model(x)
    neg_log_likelihood = -out_dist.log_prob(y)
    return torch.mean(neg_log_likelihood)

def compute_rmse(model, x_test, y_test):
    model.eval()
    pred = model(x_test).sample()
    return torch.sqrt(torch.mean((pred - y_test)**2))

def predict(model, x):
    model.eval()
    out_dist = model(x)
    return out_dist.mean, out_dist.stddev, out_dist


# ## Fit linear model

# In[12]:


def train_one_step(model, optimizer, x_batch, y_batch):
    model.train()
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss = compute_loss(model, x_batch, y_batch)
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    return loss


# In[13]:


def train(model, optimizer, x_train, x_val, y_train, y_val, n_epochs, batch_size=64, print_every=10):
    train_losses, val_losses = [], []
    for epoch in range(n_epochs):
        batch_indices = sample_batch_indices(x_train, y_train, batch_size)
        
        batch_losses_t, batch_losses_v, batch_rmse_v = [], [], []
        for batch_ix in batch_indices:
            b_train_loss = train_one_step(model, optimizer, x_train[batch_ix], y_train[batch_ix])

            model.eval()
            b_val_loss = compute_loss(model, x_val, y_val)
            b_val_rmse = compute_rmse(model, x_val, y_val)

            batch_losses_t.append(b_train_loss.detach().numpy())
            batch_losses_v.append(b_val_loss.detach().numpy())
            batch_rmse_v.append(b_val_rmse.detach().numpy())
            
        train_loss = np.mean(batch_losses_t)
        val_loss = np.mean(batch_losses_v)
        val_rmse = np.mean(batch_rmse_v)
        
        train_losses.append(train_loss)
        val_losses.append(val_loss)

        if epoch == 0 or (epoch + 1) % print_every == 0:
            print(f'Epoch {epoch+1} | Validation loss = {val_loss:.4f} | Validation RMSE = {val_rmse:.4f}')
        
    _, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 6))
    ax.plot(range(1, n_epochs + 1), train_losses, label='Train loss')
    ax.plot(range(1, n_epochs + 1), val_losses, label='Validation loss')
    ax.set_xlabel('Epoch')
    ax.set_ylabel('Loss')
    ax.set_title('Training Overview')
    ax.legend()
    
    return train_losses, val_losses


def sample_batch_indices(x, y, batch_size, rs=None):
    if rs is None:
        rs = np.random.RandomState()
    
    train_ix = np.arange(len(x))
    rs.shuffle(train_ix)
    
    n_batches = int(np.ceil(len(x) / batch_size))
    
    batch_indices = []
    for i in range(n_batches):
        start = i * batch_size
        end = start + batch_size
        batch_indices.append(
            train_ix[start:end].tolist()
        )

    return batch_indices    


# In[14]:


def compute_train_test_split(x, y, test_size):
    x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size=test_size)
    return (
        torch.from_numpy(x_train),
        torch.from_numpy(x_test),
        torch.from_numpy(y_train),
        torch.from_numpy(y_test),
    )


# In[15]:


model = LinearNormal()

optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=5e-3)


# In[16]:


x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = compute_train_test_split(x, y_sample, test_size=0.2)


# In[17]:


train(model, optimizer, x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test, n_epochs=2000, print_every=200);


# ## Validation

# In[18]:


y_pred, _, y_dist = predict(model, x_test)
y_pred_sample = y_dist.sample()


# In[19]:


val_rmse = float(compute_rmse(model, x_test, y_test).detach().numpy())
print(f'Validation RMSE = {val_rmse}')


# In[20]:


val_r2 = r2_score(y_test.detach().numpy(), y_pred_sample.detach().numpy())
print(f'Validation R squared = {val_r2}')


# ## Plot results

# In[21]:


def plot_results(x, y, y_sample, y_pred, std):
    f, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 6))
    
    x_arg_sort = x.flatten().argsort()
    xx = x.flatten()[x_arg_sort]
    v = y_pred.flatten()[x_arg_sort]
    std_val = std.flatten()[0]
    v_err_min = v - 2 * std_val
    v_err_max = v + 2 * std_val
    
    ax.fill_between(
        xx, 
        v_err_min ,
        v_err_max, 
        color=palette[1], 
        alpha=0.2,
        label='2$\sigma$ error',
    )
    
    ax.plot(xx, y.flatten()[x_arg_sort], '-', color=palette[0], linewidth=2, label='Actual')
    ax.scatter(xx, y_sample.flatten()[x_arg_sort], color=palette[0])
    
    ax.plot(xx, v, '-', color=palette[1], linewidth=2, label='Predicted')
    
    ax.set_title('Predictions on the validation set')
    ax.set_xlabel('input x')
    ax.set_ylabel('output y')
    ax.legend()
    return f, ax


# In[22]:


f, ax = plot_results(
    x_test.detach().numpy(), 
    α_actual * x_test.detach().numpy() + β_actual, 
    y_test.detach().numpy(), 
    y_pred.detach().numpy(), 
    y_dist.stddev.detach().numpy(),
)


# In[23]:


α_hat = float(model.α.detach().numpy())
β_hat = float(model.β.detach().numpy())
σ_hat = float(y_dist.stddev.detach().numpy()[0])

print(f'Actual α = {α_actual:.1f} | Predicted α = {α_hat:.1f}')
print(f'Actual β = {β_actual:.1f} | Predicted β = {β_hat:.1f}')
print(f'Actual σ = {σ_actual:.1f} | Predicted σ = {σ_hat:.1f}')


# In[ ]: