#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <iterator>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

stack<int> st;

// push three elements into the stack
st.push(1);
st.push(2);
st.push(3);

st

// pop and print two elements from the stack
cout << st.top() << ' ';
st.pop();
cout << st.top() << ' ';
st.pop();

// modify top element
st.top() = 77;

// push two new elements
st.push(4);
st.push(5);

// pop one element without processing it
st.pop();

// pop and print remaining elements
while (!st.empty()) {
    cout << st.top() << ' ';
    st.pop();
}
cout << endl;

queue<string> q;

// insert three elements into the queue
q.push("Bob");
q.push("Sue");
q.push("Tim");

// read and print two elements from the queue
cout << q.front() << " ";
q.pop();
cout << q.front() << " ";
q.pop();

// insert two new elements
q.push("Jasper");
q.push("Homer");

// skip one element
q.pop(); // alien abduction

// read and print two elements
cout << q.front() << " ";
q.pop();
cout << q.front() << endl;
q.pop();

q.push("Zoey");

// print number of elements in the queue
cout << "Number of people waiting in line: " << q.size() << endl;

vector<int> v{1,2,3,4};
vector<int> w(4);

copy(v.rbegin(), v.rend(), w.begin());
w

for (auto it = v.rbegin(); it != v.rend(); ++it) {
    cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;

vector <int> v, w;
for(int i = 3; i <= 5; i++) { 
    v.push_back(i); 
    w.push_back(i * 10); 
}
v

w

v.size()

copy(w.begin(), w.end(), v.begin());
v

copy(w.begin(), w.end(), back_inserter(v));
v

deque <int> v, w;
for(int i = 3; i <= 5; i++) { 
    v.push_back(i); 
    w.push_back(i * 10);
}
v

copy(w.begin(), w.end(), front_inserter(v));
v

vector <int> v, w;
for(int i = 3; i <= 5; i++) { 
    v.push_back(i); 
    w.push_back(i * 10);
}
v

copy(w.begin(), w.end(), inserter(v, v.begin() + 1));
v

vector <int> v; 
copy(istream_iterator <int>(cin),
     istream_iterator <int>(), // works like end
     back_inserter(v));
v

vector <int> v{0,1,2,3,4};
ostream_iterator <int> outIter(cout, " ");
copy(v.begin(), v.end(), outIter);

std::string paragraph = R"""(
    It was the best of times
    it was the worst of times
    it was the age of wisdom
    it was the age of foolishness
    it was the epoch of belief
    it was the epoch of incredulity
    it was the season of Light
    it was the season of Darkness
    it was the spring of hope
    it was the winter of despair
    we had everything before us
    we had nothing before us
    we were all going direct to Heaven
    we were all going direct the other way
    in short
    the period was so far like the present period
    that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received
    for good or for evil
    in the superlative degree of comparison only
)""";

std::stringstream stream(paragraph);

// count the number of times each word occurs in the input
std::map<string, size_t> word_count;  // empty map from string to size_t
std::string              word;

while (stream >> word) {
    ++word_count[word];
}

for (const auto &w : word_count)
    cout << w.first << " occurs " << w.second << " times" << endl;