March 14, 2016 Updated since.
from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo
YouTubeVideo("HrRMnzANHHs")
Reference Pi:
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510 58209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679 82148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128 48111745028410270193852110555964462294895493038196 44288109756659334461284756482337867831652712019091 45648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141273 72458700660631558817488152092096282925409171536436 78925903600113305305488204665213841469519415116094 33057270365759591953092186117381932611793105118548 07446237996274956735188575272489122793818301194912 98336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798 60943702770539217176293176752384674818467669405132 00056812714526356082778577134275778960917363717872 14684409012249534301465495853710507922796892589235 42019956112129021960864034418159813629774771309960 51870721134999999837297804995105973173281609631859 50244594553469083026425223082533446850352619311881 71010003137838752886587533208381420617177669147303 59825349042875546873115956286388235378759375195778 18577805321712268066130019278766111959092164201989
The sequence of odd fractions, as a running total, converges to pi/4, albeit slowly...
from fractions import Fraction
from itertools import count, islice
from decimal import Decimal, localcontext
def convert(f):
"""get a Decimal from a Fraction (and multiply by 4)"""
return (Decimal(f.numerator) / Decimal(f.denominator)) * Decimal(4)
def pi_series():
"...converges very slowly"
denoms = count(1,2) # odd numbers from 1
total = Fraction(1,next(denoms)) # 1/1
while True:
yield total
total -= Fraction(1, next(denoms)) # - 1/3
total += Fraction(1, next(denoms)) # + 1/5 and so on
def nth(iterable, n, default=None):
"Returns the nth item or a default value"
return next(islice(iterable, n, None), default)
with localcontext() as ctx: # <-- context manager object
ctx.prec = 3000
pi = pi_series()
print("{0}".format(convert(nth(pi, 1000)))[:10])
3.14209240
The Youtube above describes how to use successive primes in successive terms to build a running product that converges to 2/pi.
def Primes():
"""generate successive prime numbers (trial by division)"""
candidate = 1
_primes_so_far = [2] # first prime, only even prime
yield _primes_so_far[-1]
while True:
candidate += 2 # check odds only from now on
for prev in _primes_so_far:
if prev**2 > candidate:
yield candidate
_primes_so_far.append(candidate)
break
if not divmod(candidate, prev)[1]: # no remainder!
break # done looping
p = Primes()
print([next(p) for _ in range(100)]) # next 30 primes please!
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 521, 523, 541]
def convert(f):
"""get a Decimal from a Fraction (and multiply by 4)"""
return (Decimal(f.denominator) / Decimal(f.numerator))
def Pi():
primes = Primes()
result = Fraction(1,1)
while True:
p = next(primes)
if divmod(p, 4)[1] == 1:
term = (1 + Fraction(1,p))
else:
term = (1 - Fraction(1,p))
result *= term
yield result
with localcontext() as ctx: # <-- context manager object
ctx.prec = 300 # feel free to boost
pi = Pi()
print("{0}".format(convert(nth(pi, 333)))[:10])
# print("{0}".format(convert(nth(pi, 3000)))[:20])
3.13702930
Below is a famous one from Ramanujan. Why it works I'm not sure anyone knows exactly.
Thanks to a change in Python 3.8, factorial no longer accepts the Decimal type. I've had to update the code for forward compatibility.
Here's a corresponding script on repl.it.
from math import factorial as fact
def pieinsky():
"""Ramanujan's: converges relatively quickly"""
c1 = Decimal(4)
c2 = Decimal(1103)
c3 = Decimal(26390)
c4 = Decimal(396)
c5 = Decimal(9801)
# code formatted for readability (make it be one line)
root8 = Decimal('8').sqrt()
i = Decimal(0)
thesum = Decimal(0)
while True:
# explicit casts to int create forward compatibility
term = (fact(int(c1*i))*(c2 + c3*i))/(pow(fact(int(i)),4)*pow(c4,4*i))
thesum = thesum + term
yield 1/((root8/c5)*thesum)
i += 1
with localcontext() as ctx: # <-- context manager object
ctx.prec = 1000
pi = pieinsky()
print("{0}".format(nth(pi, 100))[:100])
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459230781640628620899862803482534211706
The generator below gives successive digits of Pi.
"""
Another generator example: converging to Pi
https://mail.python.org/pipermail/edu-sig/2015-September/date.html
"""
def pi():
k, a, b, a1, b1 = 2, 4, 1, 12, 4
while True:
p, q, k = k*k, 2*k+1, k+1
a, b, a1, b1 = a1, b1, p*a+q*a1, p*b+q*b1
d, d1 = a/b, a1/b1
while d == d1:
yield int(d)
a, a1 = 10*(a%b), 10*(a1%b1)
d, d1 = a/b, a1/b1
if __name__ == "__main__":
the_gen = pi()
for _ in range(100):
print(next(the_gen),end="")
print()
3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067
gen = pi()
type(gen)
generator
next(gen)
3
next(gen)
1
This I-Python Notebook is by Kirby Urner, copyleft MIT License, March 2016.