In this example we consider the modeling of a magnesium lattice as a simple example for a metallic system. For our treatment we will use the PBE exchange-correlation functional. First we import required packages and setup the lattice. Again notice that DFTK uses the convention that lattice vectors are specified column by column.
using DFTK
using Plots
using Unitful
using UnitfulAtomic
a = 3.01794 # bohr
b = 5.22722 # bohr
c = 9.77362 # bohr
lattice = [[-a -a 0]; [-b b 0]; [0 0 -c]]
Mg = ElementPsp(:Mg, psp=load_psp("hgh/pbe/Mg-q2"))
atoms = [Mg => [[2/3, 1/3, 1/4], [1/3, 2/3, 3/4]]];
Next we build the PBE model and discretize it.
Since magnesium is a metal we apply a small smearing
temperature to ease convergence using the Fermi-Dirac
smearing scheme. Note that both the Ecut
is too small
as well as the minimal k
-point spacing
kspacing
far too large to give a converged result.
These have been selected to obtain a fast execution time.
By default PlaneWaveBasis
chooses a kspacing
of 2π * 0.022
inverse Bohrs, which is much more reasonable.
kspacing = 0.945 / u"angstrom" # Minimal spacing of k-points,
# in units of wavevectors (inverse Bohrs)
Ecut = 5 # kinetic energy cutoff in Hartree
temperature = 0.01 # Smearing temperature in Hartree
model = model_DFT(lattice, atoms, [:gga_x_pbe, :gga_c_pbe];
temperature=temperature,
smearing=DFTK.Smearing.FermiDirac())
kgrid = kgrid_size_from_minimal_spacing(lattice, kspacing)
basis = PlaneWaveBasis(model, Ecut, kgrid=kgrid);
Finally we run the SCF. Two magnesium atoms in our pseudopotential model result in four valence electrons being explicitly treated. Nevertheless this SCF will solve for eight bands by default in order to capture partial occupations beyond the Fermi level due to the employed smearing scheme.
scfres = self_consistent_field(basis);
n Free energy Eₙ-Eₙ₋₁ ρout-ρin Diag --- --------------- --------- -------- ---- 1 -1.761874773713 NaN 5.05e-02 4.3 2 -1.762193548127 -3.19e-04 9.85e-03 1.0 3 -1.762239415455 -4.59e-05 6.59e-04 3.3 4 -1.762241618385 -2.20e-06 1.01e-04 4.0 5 -1.762241620267 -1.88e-09 1.40e-05 2.0
scfres.occupation[1]
9-element Array{Float64,1}: 1.9999999999077955 1.9999975862974597 0.0040168936933824345 3.0005329349330653e-15 1.1115502453242078e-18 1.1114778778170435e-18 7.978062534654398e-19 7.977469277846154e-19 3.2787344247217545e-22
scfres.energies
Energy breakdown: Kinetic 0.7180665 AtomicLocal 0.3145422 AtomicNonlocal 0.3265708 Ewald -2.1544222 PspCorrection -0.1026056 Hartree 0.0055004 Xc -0.8610492 Entropy -0.0088446 total -1.762241620267
The fact that magnesium is a metal is confirmed by plotting the density of states around the Fermi level.
plot_dos(scfres)