In [1]:
%reload_ext autoreload
%matplotlib inline
import os
os.environ["CUDA_DEVICE_ORDER"]="PCI_BUS_ID";
os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]="0";
import ktrain
from ktrain import vision as vis
from ktrain import text as txt


In this notebook, we will demonstrated some additional features of ktrain. To demonstrate these features, we will first load some sample data and define a simple model that trains fast. As usual, we will wrap the model and data in a ktrain Learner object.

In [2]:
# load  and prepare data as you normally would in Keras
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing import sequence
from tensorflow.keras.datasets import imdb
NUM_WORDS = 20000
MAXLEN = 400

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(num_words=NUM_WORDS)

return (x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test)
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = load_data()

In [3]:
# build a model as you normally would in Keras
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense, Embedding, GlobalAveragePooling1D
def get_model():
model = Sequential()
return model
model = get_model()

In [4]:
learner = ktrain.get_learner(model, train_data=(x_train, y_train), val_data = (x_test, y_test))


Debugging Keras Models¶

When debugging neural networks, it is sometimes useful to inspect the results of intermediate layers. ktrain makes this easy with the print_layers and layer_output methods. The print_layers method prints the layers of your network with each layer being assigned an index. The output of print_layers also shows which layers are trainable (unfrozen) and untrainable (frozen).

NOTE: This may not work with models created using the subclassing API in TensorFlow. See this issue.

In [5]:
learner.print_layers()

0 (trainable=True) : <tensorflow.python.keras.layers.embeddings.Embedding object at 0x7f73dd317ac8>
1 (trainable=True) : <tensorflow.python.keras.layers.pooling.GlobalAveragePooling1D object at 0x7f73dd317240>
2 (trainable=True) : <tensorflow.python.keras.layers.core.Dense object at 0x7f73dd30f860>


The layer_output method accepts a layer ID as input. By default, it will print the output of the layer associated with the layer ID using the first example in the training set. The example_id and use_val arguments can control which example is used to generate the output. In the example below, we print the output of the Dense layer of our network using the sixth example from our validation set (i.e., the example with index 5 in the x_test array).

In [6]:
learner.layer_output(2, example_id=5, use_val=True)

Out[6]:
array([[0.505756]], dtype=float32)

Since the model has not yet been trained, it returns 0.5.

Here, we print the output of the GlobalAveragePooling1D layer (layer_id=1) implicitly using the first example from our training set.

In [7]:
learner.layer_output(1)

Out[7]:
array([[ 0.02160553, -0.00040399, -0.01287486, -0.01314044, -0.00742052,
0.00665004,  0.01038768,  0.00754268,  0.0105021 , -0.00726567,
0.01830747,  0.02250858, -0.01731529, -0.0116071 , -0.02214721,
0.00469931,  0.00474755,  0.00505722, -0.01932502, -0.00568006,
-0.01324981, -0.02103353,  0.00931718, -0.01929742,  0.01268049,
-0.0224767 , -0.01085456, -0.01383228, -0.00370139, -0.02391044,
-0.02231654,  0.01731777, -0.01082554, -0.01597294, -0.0011066 ,
0.0126574 , -0.0078818 ,  0.01998392,  0.00848655, -0.00838805,
0.0197705 ,  0.01368381, -0.02018621,  0.00781091, -0.00837516,
0.01970421, -0.01564181,  0.01752689,  0.00565045, -0.00939406]],
dtype=float32)

Setting Global Weight Decay in Keras¶

Weight decay is a form of regularization to reduce overfitting. By default, ktrain uses no weight decay. The learner.set_weight_decay method can be used to set the weight decay rate. With no arguments, this will use the default weight decay rate of 0.01. Weight decay is implemented using the AdamWeightDecay optimizer.

In [8]:
learner.get_weight_decay()

In [9]:
learner.set_weight_decay()

/home/amaiya/projects/ghub/ktrain/ktrain/core.py:254: UserWarning: recompiling model to use AdamWeightDecay as opimizer with weight decay of 0.01
warnings.warn('recompiling model to use AdamWeightDecay as opimizer with weight decay of %s' % (wd) )

In [10]:
learner.get_weight_decay()

Out[10]:
0.01
In [11]:
learner.set_weight_decay(wd=0.1) # using a higher wd than default

In [12]:
learner.get_weight_decay()

Out[12]:
0.1
In [13]:
learner.autofit(1e-2, 1)

begin training using triangular learning rate policy with max lr of 0.01...
Train on 25000 samples, validate on 25000 samples
25000/25000 [==============================] - 15s 594us/sample - loss: 0.4408 - accuracy: 0.7931 - val_loss: 0.3111 - val_accuracy: 0.8833

Out[13]:
<tensorflow.python.keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f73d47d30b8>

Saving the Current Model¶

When issuing calls to autofit, fit_onecycle, and fit, it is sometimes useful to periodically save the model in case additional training results in overfitting. This can be accomplished with the learner.save_model and learner.load_model methods, which are simply wrappers to model.save and load_model in Keras. Example usage is shown below:

In [9]:
learner.save_model('/tmp/mymodel')
# train further here
# if overfitting, then do this:


Built-In Callbacks¶

ktrain enables easy access to EarlyStopping, ModelCheckpoint, and ReduceLROnPlateau callbacks. All of the fit methods of ktrain have both an early_stopping argument and a checkpoint_folder argument. When setting early_stopping=3, for instance, the training will disconinue automatically when the validation loss fails to improve after a 3 epochs. When suppying the path to a folder using checkpoint_folder argument, files containing the weights obtained after each epoch will be saved to the folder. In the example below, we will train our model using the fit method using both arguments.

In [8]:
learner.reset_weights()
learner.fit(0.005, 10, cycle_len=1, cycle_mult=2, early_stopping=3, checkpoint_folder='/tmp')

Train on 25000 samples, validate on 25000 samples
Epoch 1/1023
25000/25000 [==============================] - 6s 226us/step - loss: 0.4247 - acc: 0.8212 - val_loss: 0.3434 - val_acc: 0.8716
Epoch 2/1023
25000/25000 [==============================] - 5s 219us/step - loss: 0.2603 - acc: 0.9010 - val_loss: 0.2838 - val_acc: 0.8870
Epoch 3/1023
25000/25000 [==============================] - 5s 211us/step - loss: 0.1755 - acc: 0.9414 - val_loss: 0.2758 - val_acc: 0.8910
Epoch 4/1023
25000/25000 [==============================] - 5s 220us/step - loss: 0.1726 - acc: 0.9360 - val_loss: 0.3020 - val_acc: 0.8806
Epoch 5/1023
25000/25000 [==============================] - 6s 222us/step - loss: 0.1176 - acc: 0.9620 - val_loss: 0.3150 - val_acc: 0.8834
Epoch 6/1023
25000/25000 [==============================] - 5s 219us/step - loss: 0.0842 - acc: 0.9756 - val_loss: 0.3311 - val_acc: 0.8813
25000/25000 [==============================] - 1s 41us/step

Early stopping due to no further improvement.
final loss:0.27580805318832396, final score:0.89096

Out[8]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fab86926b00>

The weights obtained after each of the six epochs will be available as files stored in the checkpoint_folder:

/tmp/weights-01.hdf5  /tmp/weights-03.hdf5  /tmp/weights-05.hdf5
/tmp/weights-02.hdf5  /tmp/weights-04.hdf5  /tmp/weights-06.hdf5

These weights can be easily loaded into the model as one would normally do:

learner.model.load_weights('/tmp/weights-02.hdfs')

The checkpoint_folder argument can be used with any "fit" method (i.e., autofit, fit_onecycle, and fit). It is particularly useful when needing to rollback to an earlier epoch in case the model overfits.

In addition, the autofit method includes a reduce_on_plateau parameter, which can be used to automatically reduce the maximum (and base) learning rates in the triangular learning rate policy when the validation loss no longer improves by a factor specified by the reduce_factor argument. The criterion can be changed to validation accuracy using the monitor argument. When autofit is called without an epochs parameter, both the early_stopping and reduce_on_plateau are automatically enabled.

Custom Callbacks¶

The fit, autofit, and fit_onecycle methods of the Learner object can also accept custom callbacks, just as you can in standard calls to model.fit. For instance, here we re-train our model and print the ROC-AUC score after each epoch:

In [5]:
# define a custom callback for ROC-AUC
from tensorflow.keras.callbacks import Callback
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score
class RocAucEvaluation(Callback):
def __init__(self, validation_data=(), interval=1):
super(Callback, self).__init__()

self.interval = interval
self.X_val, self.y_val = validation_data

def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs={}):
if epoch % self.interval == 0:
y_pred = self.model.predict(self.X_val, verbose=0)
score = roc_auc_score(self.y_val, y_pred)
print("\n ROC-AUC - epoch: %d - score: %.6f \n" % (epoch+1, score))
RocAuc = RocAucEvaluation(validation_data=(x_test, y_test), interval=1)

In [6]:
# re-create our model from scratch and train using our custom ROC-AUC callback
learner = ktrain.get_learner(get_model(), train_data=(x_train, y_train), val_data = (x_test, y_test))
learner.autofit(0.005, 2, callbacks=[RocAuc])

begin training using triangular learning rate policy with max lr of 0.005...
Train on 25000 samples, validate on 25000 samples
Epoch 1/2
25000/25000 [==============================] - 6s 233us/step - loss: 0.4731 - acc: 0.7872 - val_loss: 0.3279 - val_acc: 0.8738

ROC-AUC - epoch: 1 - score: 0.942057

Epoch 2/2
25000/25000 [==============================] - 6s 223us/step - loss: 0.2555 - acc: 0.9056 - val_loss: 0.2834 - val_acc: 0.8886

ROC-AUC - epoch: 2 - score: 0.952614


Out[6]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fc9642a0dd8>

Using TensorBoard with ktrain¶

Since ktrain is a lightweight wrapper around Keras, you can use TensorBoard callbacks with all fit methods in ktrain (e.g., autofit, fit_onecycyle, fit) just as you would normally do with model.fit in Keras:

In [5]:
learner.reset_weights()
import tensorflow as tf

# create TensorBoard calback
tbCallBack = tf.keras.callbacks.TensorBoard(log_dir='/tmp/Graph', histogram_freq=0, write_graph=True, write_images=True)

# supply it as custom callback to any fit method of Learner
learner.autofit(0.005, 2, callbacks=[tbCallBack])

Model weights have been reset.

begin training using triangular learning rate policy with max lr of 0.005...
Train on 25000 samples, validate on 25000 samples
Epoch 1/2
25000/25000 [==============================] - 6s 259us/step - loss: 0.4751 - acc: 0.7863 - val_loss: 0.3291 - val_acc: 0.8751
Epoch 2/2
25000/25000 [==============================] - 6s 246us/step - loss: 0.2562 - acc: 0.9059 - val_loss: 0.2835 - val_acc: 0.8882

Out[5]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fa5598e0208>

When training is complete, TensorBoard can be started with:

tensorboard --logdir /tmp/Graph

Previewing Data Augmentation¶

ktrain allows you to preview a data augmentation prior to use in training. We will re-use the Dogs vs. Cats dataset from above. Let's set the location of the data and instantiate a data augmentation scheme using the ktrain.vision.get_data_aug function.

In [2]:
DATADIR = 'data/dogscats'
data_aug = vis.get_data_aug(horizontal_flip=True)


Let's examine the data augmentaiton parameters, which will be the parameters enabled by default plus horizontal_flip=True. Note that the data_aug object is simply a Keras ImageDataGenerator object.

In [3]:
data_aug.__dict__

Out[3]:
{'featurewise_center': True,
'samplewise_center': False,
'featurewise_std_normalization': True,
'samplewise_std_normalization': False,
'zca_whitening': False,
'zca_epsilon': 1e-06,
'rotation_range': 40,
'width_shift_range': 0.2,
'height_shift_range': 0.2,
'shear_range': 0.0,
'zoom_range': [0.8, 1.2],
'channel_shift_range': 0.0,
'fill_mode': 'nearest',
'cval': 0.0,
'horizontal_flip': True,
'vertical_flip': False,
'rescale': None,
'preprocessing_function': None,
'dtype': 'float32',
'interpolation_order': 1,
'data_format': 'channels_last',
'channel_axis': 3,
'row_axis': 1,
'col_axis': 2,
'_validation_split': 0.0,
'mean': None,
'std': None,
'principal_components': None,
'brightness_range': None}

Finally, let's run the data augmentation scheme for four images on a selected cat photo:

In [8]:
vis.preview_data_aug(DATADIR+'/train/cats/cat.10000.jpg', data_aug, n=8, rows=2)

In [ ]: