In this notebook we will look at the reactive species in water subjected to ionizing radiation. The reaction-set is simply has been taken from the litterature and we will not pay to much attention to it, but rather focus on the analysis of dominant reactions toward the end.
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
from collections import defaultdict
import numpy as np
import sympy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import chempy
from chempy import Reaction, Substance, ReactionSystem
from chempy.kinetics.ode import get_odesys
from chempy.kinetics.analysis import plot_reaction_contributions
from chempy.printing.tables import UnimolecularTable, BimolecularTable
import pyodesys
from pyodesys.symbolic import ScaledSys
from pyneqsys.plotting import mpl_outside_legend
sympy.init_printing()
%matplotlib inline
{k: globals()[k].__version__ for k in 'sympy pyodesys chempy'.split()}
# Never mind the next row, it contains all the reaction data of aqueous radiolysis at room temperature
_species, _reactions = ['H', 'H+', 'H2', 'e-(aq)', 'HO2-', 'HO2', 'H2O2', 'HO3', 'O-', 'O2', 'O2-', 'O3', 'O3-', 'OH', 'OH-', 'H2O'], [({1: 1, 14: 1}, {15: 1}, 140000000000.0, {}), ({15: 1}, {1: 1, 14: 1}, 2.532901323662559e-05, {}), ({6: 1}, {1: 1, 4: 1}, 0.11193605692841689, {}), ({1: 1, 4: 1}, {6: 1}, 50000000000.0, {}), ({6: 1, 14: 1}, {4: 1, 15: 1}, 13000000000.0, {}), ({4: 1, 15: 0}, {6: 1, 14: 1}, 58202729.542927094, {15: 1}), ({3: 1, 15: 0}, {0: 1, 14: 1}, 19.0, {15: 1}), ({0: 1, 14: 1}, {3: 1, 15: 1}, 18000000.0, {}), ({0: 1}, {1: 1, 3: 1}, 3.905960400662016, {}), ({1: 1, 3: 1}, {0: 1}, 23000000000.0, {}), ({13: 1, 14: 1}, {8: 1, 15: 1}, 13000000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 15: 0}, {13: 1, 14: 1}, 103500715.55425139, {15: 1}), ({13: 1}, {8: 1, 1: 1}, 0.12589254117941662, {}), ({8: 1, 1: 1}, {13: 1}, 100000000000.0, {}), ({5: 1}, {1: 1, 10: 1}, 1345767.401963457, {}), ({1: 1, 10: 1}, {5: 1}, 50000000000.0, {}), ({5: 1, 14: 1}, {10: 1, 15: 1}, 50000000000.0, {}), ({10: 1, 15: 0}, {5: 1, 14: 1}, 18.619585312728415, {15: 1}), ({3: 1, 13: 1}, {14: 1}, 30000000000.0, {}), ({3: 1, 6: 1}, {13: 1, 14: 1}, 14000000000.0, {}), ({10: 1, 3: 1, 15: 0}, {4: 1, 14: 1}, 13000000000.0, {15: 1}), ({3: 1, 5: 1}, {4: 1}, 20000000000.0, {}), ({9: 1, 3: 1}, {10: 1}, 22200000000.0, {}), ({3: 2, 15: 0}, {2: 1, 14: 2}, 5000000000.0, {15: 2}), ({0: 1, 3: 1, 15: 0}, {2: 1, 14: 1}, 25000000000.0, {15: 1}), ({3: 1, 4: 1}, {8: 1, 14: 1}, 3500000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 3: 1, 15: 0}, {14: 2}, 22000000000.0, {15: 1}), ({3: 1, 12: 1, 15: 0}, {9: 1, 14: 2}, 16000000000.0, {15: 1}), ({3: 1, 11: 1}, {12: 1}, 36000000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 15: 0}, {2: 1, 13: 1}, 11.0, {15: 1}), ({0: 1, 8: 1}, {14: 1}, 10000000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 4: 1}, {13: 1, 14: 1}, 90000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 12: 1}, {9: 1, 14: 1}, 10000000000.0, {}), ({0: 2}, {2: 1}, 7750000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 13: 1}, {15: 1}, 7000000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 6: 1}, {13: 1, 15: 1}, 90000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 9: 1}, {5: 1}, 21000000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 5: 1}, {6: 1}, 10000000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 10: 1}, {4: 1}, 20000000000.0, {}), ({0: 1, 11: 1}, {7: 1}, 38000000000.0, {}), ({13: 2}, {6: 1}, 3600000000.0, {}), ({5: 1, 13: 1}, {9: 1, 15: 1}, 6000000000.0, {}), ({10: 1, 13: 1}, {9: 1, 14: 1}, 8200000000.0, {}), ({2: 1, 13: 1}, {0: 1, 15: 1}, 40000000.0, {}), ({13: 1, 6: 1}, {5: 1, 15: 1}, 30000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 13: 1}, {4: 1}, 20000000000.0, {}), ({4: 1, 13: 1}, {5: 1, 14: 1}, 7500000000.0, {}), ({12: 1, 13: 1}, {11: 1, 14: 1}, 2550000000.0, {}), ({12: 1, 13: 1}, {1: 1, 10: 2}, 5950000000.0, {}), ({11: 1, 13: 1}, {9: 1, 5: 1}, 110000000.0, {}), ({10: 1, 5: 1}, {9: 1, 4: 1}, 80000000.0, {}), ({5: 2}, {9: 1, 6: 1}, 800000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 5: 1}, {9: 1, 14: 1}, 6000000000.0, {}), ({5: 1, 6: 1}, {9: 1, 13: 1, 15: 1}, 0.5, {}), ({4: 1, 5: 1}, {9: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1}, 0.5, {}), ({12: 1, 5: 1}, {9: 2, 14: 1}, 6000000000.0, {}), ({11: 1, 5: 1}, {9: 1, 7: 1}, 500000000.0, {}), ({10: 2, 15: 0}, {9: 1, 6: 1, 14: 2}, 100.0, {15: 2}), ({8: 1, 10: 1, 15: 0}, {9: 1, 14: 2}, 600000000.0, {15: 1}), ({10: 1, 6: 1}, {9: 1, 13: 1, 14: 1}, 0.13, {}), ({10: 1, 4: 1}, {8: 1, 9: 1, 14: 1}, 0.13, {}), ({10: 1, 12: 1, 15: 0}, {9: 2, 14: 2}, 10000.0, {15: 1}), ({10: 1, 11: 1}, {9: 1, 12: 1}, 1500000000.0, {}), ({8: 2, 15: 0}, {4: 1, 14: 1}, 1000000000.0, {15: 1}), ({8: 1, 9: 1}, {12: 1}, 3600000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 2: 1}, {0: 1, 14: 1}, 80000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 6: 1}, {10: 1, 15: 1}, 500000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 4: 1}, {10: 1, 14: 1}, 400000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 12: 1}, {10: 2}, 700000000.0, {}), ({8: 1, 11: 1}, {9: 1, 10: 1}, 5000000000.0, {}), ({12: 1}, {8: 1, 9: 1}, 300.0, {}), ({1: 1, 12: 1}, {9: 1, 13: 1}, 90000000000.0, {}), ({12: 1, 6: 1}, {9: 1, 10: 1, 15: 1}, 1600000.0, {}), ({12: 1, 4: 1}, {9: 1, 10: 1, 14: 1}, 890000.0, {}), ({2: 1, 12: 1}, {0: 1, 9: 1, 14: 1}, 250000.0, {}), ({7: 1}, {9: 1, 13: 1}, 110000.0, {}), ({13: 1, 7: 1}, {9: 1, 6: 1}, 5000000000.0, {}), ({7: 2}, {9: 2, 6: 1}, 5000000000.0, {}), ({10: 1, 7: 1}, {9: 2, 14: 1}, 10000000000.0, {}), ({7: 1}, {1: 1, 12: 1}, 328.097819129701, {}), ({1: 1, 12: 1}, {7: 1}, 52000000000.0, {}), ({11: 1, 14: 1}, {10: 1, 5: 1}, 70.0, {}), ({11: 1, 4: 1}, {9: 1, 10: 1, 13: 1}, 2800000.0, {})]
species = [Substance.from_formula(s) for s in _species]
reactions = [
Reaction({_species[k]: v for k, v in reac.items()},
{_species[k]: v for k, v in prod.items()}, param,
{_species[k]: v for k, v in inact_reac.items()})
for reac, prod, param, inact_reac in _reactions
]
# radiolytic yields for gamma radiolysis of neat water
C_H2O = 55.5
YIELD_CONV = 1.0364e-07 # mol * eV / (J * molecules)
prod_rxns = [
Reaction({'H2O': 1}, {'H+': 1, 'OH-': 1}, 0.5 * YIELD_CONV / C_H2O),
Reaction({'H2O': 1}, {'H+': 1, 'e-(aq)': 1, 'OH': 1}, 2.6 * YIELD_CONV / C_H2O),
Reaction({'H2O': 1}, {'H': 2, 'H2O2': 1}, 0.66 * YIELD_CONV / C_H2O, {'H2O': 1}),
Reaction({'H2O': 1}, {'H2': 1, 'H2O2': 1}, 0.74 * YIELD_CONV / C_H2O, {'H2O': 1}),
Reaction({'H2O': 1}, {'H2': 1, 'OH': 2}, 0.1 * YIELD_CONV / C_H2O, {'H2O': 1}),
Reaction({'H2O': 1}, {'H2': 3, 'HO2': 2}, 0.04 * YIELD_CONV / C_H2O, {'H2O': 3}),
]
# The productions reactions have hardcoded rates corresponding to 1 Gy/s
rsys = ReactionSystem(prod_rxns + reactions, species)
rsys
uni, not_uni = UnimolecularTable.from_ReactionSystem(rsys)
bi, not_bi = BimolecularTable.from_ReactionSystem(rsys)
assert not (not_uni & not_bi), "There are only uni- & bi-molecular reactions in this set"
%debug
uni
bi
odesys, extra = get_odesys(rsys)
odesys.exprs[:3] # take a look at the first three ODEs in the system
j = odesys.get_jac()
j.shape
def integrate_and_plot(odesys, c0_dict, integrator, ax=None, zero_conc=0, log10_t0=-12, tout=None,
print_info=False, **kwargs):
if tout is None:
tout = np.logspace(log10_t0, 6)
c0 = [c0_dict.get(k, zero_conc)+zero_conc for k in _species]
result = odesys.integrate(tout, c0, integrator=integrator, **kwargs)
if ax is None:
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
result.plot(ax=ax, title_info=2)
ax.set_xscale('log'); ax.set_yscale('log')
mpl_outside_legend(ax, prop={'size': 9})
if print_info:
print({k: v for k, v in result.info.items() if not k.startswith('internal')})
return result
c0_dict = defaultdict(float, {'H+': 1e-7, 'OH-': 1e-7, 'H2O': 55.5})
plt.figure(figsize=(16,6))
integrate_and_plot(odesys, c0_dict, integrator='cvode', first_step=1e-14, atol=1e-10, rtol=1e-10, autorestart=5)
plt.legend()
_ = plt.ylim([1e-16, 60])
def integrate_and_plot_scaled(rsys, dep_scaling, *args, **kwargs):
integrate_and_plot(get_odesys(
rsys, SymbolicSys=ScaledSys, dep_scaling=dep_scaling)[0], *args, **kwargs)
Let's see how different solvers behave when integrating this problem:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(14, 14))
solvers = 'cvode', 'odeint', 'gsl', 'scipy'
for idx, ax in enumerate(np.ravel(axes)):
#if idx == 1:
# continue
kw = {'method': 'vode'} if solvers[idx] == 'scipy' else {}
integrate_and_plot_scaled(rsys, 1e3, c0_dict, solvers[idx], ax=ax, atol=1e-6, rtol=1e-6,
nsteps=4000, first_step=1e-10*extra['max_euler_step_cb'](0, c0_dict), **kw)
ax.set_title(solvers[idx])
integrate_and_plot(odesys, c0_dict, 'cvode', first_step=1e-12)
integrate_and_plot(odesys, c0_dict, 'scipy')
One way to avoid negative concentrations is to solve for the logarithm of the concentration instead of the concentration directly:
from pyodesys.symbolic import symmetricsys
logexp = (sympy.log, sympy.exp)
LogLogSys = symmetricsys(logexp, logexp, exprs_process_cb=lambda exprs: [
sympy.powsimp(expr.expand(), force=True) for expr in exprs])
loglogsys, _ = get_odesys(rsys, SymbolicSys=LogLogSys)
loglogsys.exprs[:3]
integrate_and_plot(loglogsys, c0_dict, 'gsl', zero_conc=1e-26, first_step=1e-3, log10_t0=-13)
It works, but at the cost of signigicant overhead (much larger number of function evaluations were needed). Another option is to scale the problem:
ssys, _ = get_odesys(rsys, SymbolicSys=ScaledSys, dep_scaling=1e16)
for speed we will use native compiled C++ code for the numerical evalatuations:
from chempy.kinetics._native import get_native
nsys = get_native(rsys, ssys, 'cvode')
integrate_and_plot(nsys, c0_dict, 'cvode', nsteps=96000,
error_outside_bounds=True, get_dx_max_factor=-1.0, autorestart=2, atol=1e-9, rtol=1e-10)
integrate_and_plot(nsys, c0_dict, 'cvode', nsteps=96000, tout=(1e-16, 1e6),
error_outside_bounds=True, get_dx_max_factor=-1.0, autorestart=2, atol=1e-9, rtol=1e-10,
print_info=True, first_step=1e-16)
We can also access the generated C++ code (which can be handy if it needs to be run where Python is not available)
print(''.join(open(next(filter(lambda s: s.endswith('.cpp'), nsys._native._written_files))).readlines()[:42]))
init_conc_H2O2 = c0_dict.copy()
init_conc_H2O2['H2O2'] = 0.01
odesys2 = ScaledSys.from_other(odesys, lower_bounds=0, dep_scaling=1e8, indep_scaling=1e-6)
res = integrate_and_plot(odesys2, init_conc_H2O2, integrator='cvode', nsteps=500,
first_step=1e-16, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-10, autorestart=1)
In order to plot the most important reactions vs. time we can use a function provided by ChemPy:
from chempy.kinetics.analysis import plot_reaction_contributions
sks = ['H2O2', 'OH', 'HO2']
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, len(sks), figsize=(16, 10))
selection = res.xout > 1e0
plot_reaction_contributions(res, rsys, extra['rate_exprs_cb'], selection=selection,
substance_keys=sks, axes=axes, combine_equilibria=True, total=True)
plt.tight_layout()