网络科学(network science)
计算语言学 (computational linguistics)
数据科学(data science)
社会计算 (social computing)
普适计算(ubiquitous computing)
可视化 (visualization)
数据新闻学 (data journalism)
计算广告学 (computational advising)
王成军(2015)计算传播学:作为计算社会科学的传播学.《中国网络传播研究》8.193-208
Everything is obvious: Once your know the answer
Duncan J. Watts:
当我们谈到社会科学时候,我们总觉得任何事情都是明显的,似乎采用常识(common sense)就可以回答绝大多数问题。
硬科学与软科学
Lazarsfeld, Paul F. 1949. “The American Soldier—An Expository Review.”Public Opinion Quarterly 13 (3):377—404.
美国士兵研究起源于二战,美国陆军部对参战的60万士兵进行了调查,毫无疑问这一定花费了很多纳税人的钱。拉杂斯菲尔德“声称”他们发现来自农村的士兵更快乐。这是为什么呢?
事实上,拉杂斯菲尔德告诉读者,他们的发现恰好与之相反:来自城市的士兵更快乐! 这又是为什么呢?
所以这个发现也是显而易见的!于是问题就来了:当每个答案以及与它们的对立的答案从常识的角度都看上去如此明显,那么我们对于“显而易见”(obviousness)的理解肯定出了问题。
学术论文的结构: 以小见大\问题驱动\理论驱动\兴趣驱动\研究设计
托勒密:地球处于宇宙中心
Richard Feynman, which is titled The Character of Physical Law – Part 1 The Law of Gravitation http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzc4Mjk1NjA=.html
由艾萨克·牛顿在1687年于《自然哲学的数学原理》一书中总结提出。
Claude Shannon
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld
Kurt Zadek Lewin
Harold Dwight Lasswell
Carl Iver Hovland
Everett Rogers
Maxwell McCombs
Elihu Katz
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
Jürgen Habermas
George Gerbner
Wilbur Lang Schramm
Walter Lippmann
Herbert Marshall McLuhan
Theodor W. Adorno
Computability is the ability to solve a problem in an effective manner。
The computability of a problem is closely linked to the existence of an algorithm to solve the problem.
Lazer et al (2009) Compuational social science. Science. V323. 6 Feb 2009
Complex networks have been studied extensively owing to their relevance to many real systems such as the world-wide web, the Internet, energy landscapes and biological and social networks. Song et al (2005)
Network science supplies a mathematical structure of the social phenomenon.
计算传播学(computational communication research)是可计算社会科学(computational social science)的重要分支。
http://computational-communication.com/
http://site.douban.com/146782/
https://groups.google.com/group/computational-communication
D. Watts, A twenty-first century science. Nature 445, 489 (2007).
If handled appropriately, data about Internet-based communication and interactivity could revolutionize our understanding of collective human behaviour.
很少有人会认为社会科学会成为21世纪科学的中心
网站记录(Website Logs)与基于互联网的实验(Web-based experiments) - 互联网公司与研究者的合作
Wu & Zhang (2011) Accelerating growth and size-dependent distribution of human online activities. PhysRevE.84.026113
选举行为可以通过社交网络传染
Robert M. Bond et al. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature. 2012
传播的多样性制约社会经济的发展?
Nathan Eagle, Michael Macy and Rob Claxton: Network Diversity and Economic Development, Science 328, 1029–1031, 2010.
Miller (2011) Social scientists wade into the tweet stream. Science
Emotion: Calm\Alert\Sure\Vital\Kind\Happy
Bollen (2011) Twitter mood predicts the stock market. JOCS
Figures source: election.twitter.com
使用搜索引擎预测流感
Ginsberg et al. Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature 457, 1012-1014 (19 February 2009)
“Nature reported that Google flu trends (GFT) was predicting more than double the proportion of doctor visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which bases its estimates on surveillance reports from laboratories across the United States (1, 2).”
Lazer et al. (2014) The parable of Google Flu Traps in big data analysis. Science
Per Bak:“It puzzles me that geophysicists show little interest in underlying principles of their science. Perhaps they take it for granted that the earth is so complicated and messy that no general principles apply”.
Hack定律指出,在河流网络中,支流的长度(stream length)L和相对应的蓄水盆地面积(basin area)A之间存在如下标度关系:$L = A^h$
其中h的数值在大多数水系的实证数据中都被测为0.6左右。
Before God we are all equally wise and equally foolish. Do not worry about your difficulties in Mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater.¶
——Albert Einstein
Thank you for your attention!