# This is a comment

"""This is a 
    multiline
    comment."""

coolvar = 7 # declaration
coolvar # almost the same as print(myvar)

print(7, type(7)) # integer
print(float(7), type(7.0)) # float

# ALL these are strings

print("Let's go", type("Let's go")) # you can also escape \' when in single quotes

print('"To be or not to be?"', type("'To be or not to be?'"))

a = """This is a multiline 
string"""
print(a, type(a))

a = 73
b = 42

# addition
print('a + b =', a + b)

# subtraction
print('a - b =', a - b)

# multiplication
print('a * b =', a * b)

# classic division - returns a float
print('a / b =', a / b)

# floor division - discards the fractional part
print('a // b =', a // b)

# remainder of the division
print('a % b =', a % b)

# power (a^2)
print('a ** 2 =', a ** 2)

print(2 < 5)
print(4 > 10)
print(3 >= 3)
print(5 == 6)
print(6 != 9)

num_int = 123  # integer type
num_flo = 1.23 # float type
num_int + num_flo

num_int = 123     # int type
num_str = "456"   # str type

num_int+num_str

str(num_int) + num_str

my_list = [] # empty list
my_list = [1, 2, 3] # list of integers
my_list = [1, "Hello", 3.4] # list with mixed data types

print(my_list[0]) # Accessing first element

print(my_list[:])
print(my_list[0:2])
print(my_list[-3:-1])
print(my_list[1:])
print(my_list[::2])

language = ("French", "German", "English", "Polish")

str = 'this is a string'

# set of integers
my_set = set()
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
print(my_set)

# set of mixed datatypes
my_set = {1.0, "Hello", (1, 2, 3)}
print(my_set)

# set of integers
my_set = {1, 2, 3}

my_set.add(4)
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}

my_set.add(2)
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}

my_set.update([3, 4, 5])
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

my_set.remove(4)
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 5}

# empty dictionary
my_dict = {}

# dictionary with integer keys
my_dict = {1: 'apple', 2: 'ball'}

# dictionary with mixed keys
my_dict = {'name': 'John', 1: [2, 4, 3]}

person = {'name':'Jack', 'age': 26, 'salary': 4534.2}
print(person['age'])

num = -1

if num > 0:
    print("Positive number")
elif num == 0:
    print("Zero")
else:
    print("Negative number")

if False:
    print("I am inside the body of if.")
    print("I am also inside the body of if.")
print("I am outside the body of if")

n = 100

# initialize sum and counter
sum = 0
i = 1

while i <= n:
    sum = sum + i
    i = i+1    # update counter

print("The sum is", sum)

numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2]

sum = 0

# iterate over the list
for val in numbers:
    sum = sum+val

print("The sum is", sum) # Output: The sum is 28

def print_lines():
    print("I am line1.")
    print("I am line2.")

# function call
print_lines()

def add_numbers(a, b):
    sum = a + b
    return sum

result = add_numbers(4, 5)
print(result)

def greet(name, msg = "Good morning!"):
    """
    This function greets to
    the person with the
    provided message.

    If message is not provided,
    it defaults to "Good
    morning!"
    """

    print("Hello",name + ', ' + msg)

greet("Kate")
greet("Bruce","How do you do?")

def greet(*names):
    """This function greets all
    the person in the names tuple."""

    # names is a tuple with arguments
    for name in names:
        print("Hello",name)

greet("Monica","Luke","Steve","John")

class ComplexNumber:
    def __init__(self,r = 0,i = 0):  # constructor
        self.real = r
        self.imag = i

    def getData(self):
        print("{0}+{1}j".format(self.real,self.imag))


c1 = ComplexNumber(2,3) # Create a new ComplexNumber object
c1.getData()

c2 = ComplexNumber() # Create a new ComplexNumber object
c2.getData()

h_letters = []

for letter in 'human':
    h_letters.append(letter)

print(h_letters)

h_letters = [letter for letter in 'human']
print( h_letters)

number_list = [ x for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0]
print(number_list)

matrix = [[1, 2], [3,4], [5,6], [7,8]]
transpose = [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(2)]
print (transpose)

list(range(1, 10))