Stiff ODE¶

Consider the stiff ODE $$ y' = -100(y - \sin(t)), \qquad t \ge 0 $$ $$ y(0) = 1 $$

In [1]:

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

In [2]:

def f(t,y):
    return -100.0*(y - np.sin(t))

Forward Euler¶

$$ y_n = y_{n-1} - 100 h [ y_{n-1} - \sin(t_{n-1})] $$

In [7]:

def ForwardEuler(t0,y0,T,h):
    N = int((T-t0)/h)
    y = np.zeros(N)
    t = np.zeros(N)
    t[0] = t0
    y[0] = y0
    for n in range(1,N):
        y[n] = y[n-1] + h*f(t[n-1],y[n-1])
        t[n] = t[n-1] + h
    return t,y

In [30]:

t0 = 0
y0 = 1
T  = np.pi

h  = 1.0/52.0
t,y = ForwardEuler(t0,y0,T,h)

plt.plot(t,y)
plt.xlim([-0.1,4])
plt.title("Forward Euler, h ="+str(h))

Out[30]:

<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x10d5f5f50>

In [19]:

h  = 0.01
t,y = ForwardEuler(t0,y0,T,h)

plt.plot(t,y)
plt.xlim([-0.1,4])
plt.title("Forward Euler, h ="+str(h))

Out[19]:

<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x10c409450>

Backward Euler scheme¶

$$ y_n = y_{n-1} + h [ -100(y_n - \sin(t_n) ] $$

or $$ y_n = \frac{ y_{n-1} + 100 h \sin(t_n)}{1 + 100 h} $$

In [22]:

def BackwardEuler(t0,y0,T,h):
    N = int((T-t0)/h)
    y = np.zeros(N)
    t = np.zeros(N)
    t[0] = t0
    y[0] = y0
    for n in range(1,N):
        t[n] = t[n-1] + h
        y[n] = (y[n-1] + 100.0*h*np.sin(t[n]))/(1.0 + 100.0*h)
    return t,y

Trapezoidal scheme¶

$$ y_n = y_{n-1} + \frac{h}{2}[ -100(y_{n-1}-\sin(t_{n-1})) - 100 (y_n - \sin(t_n))] $$

or $$ y_n = \frac{(1-50h)y_{n-1} + 50h(\sin(t_{n-1}) + \sin(t_n))}{1 + 50 h} $$

In [25]:

def Trapezoidal(t0,y0,T,h):
    N = int((T-t0)/h)
    y = np.zeros(N)
    t = np.zeros(N)
    t[0] = t0
    y[0] = y0
    for n in range(1,N):
        t[n] = t[n-1] + h
        y[n] = ((1.0-50.0*h)*y[n-1] + 50.0*h*(np.sin(t[n-1])+np.sin(t[n])))/(1.0 + 50.0*h)
    return t,y

In [32]:

h  = 0.1
t,y = BackwardEuler(t0,y0,T,h)

plt.plot(t,y)

t,y = Trapezoidal(t0,y0,T,h)
plt.plot(t,y)

plt.xlim([-0.1,4])
plt.title("Step size h ="+str(h))
plt.legend(("Backward Euler","Trapezoid"))

Out[32]:

<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x10d583bd0>

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