In [ ]:
%install-location $cwd/swift-install
%install '.package(path: "$cwd/FastaiNotebook_06_cuda")' FastaiNotebook_06_cuda
Installing packages: .package(path: "/home/sgugger/git/course-v3/nbs/swift/FastaiNotebook_06_cuda") FastaiNotebook_06_cuda With SwiftPM flags: [] Working in: /tmp/tmp6kdf0qjm/swift-install warning: /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc) /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift) Updating https://github.com/mxcl/Path.swift Updating https://github.com/saeta/Just Updating https://github.com/latenitesoft/NotebookExport Completed resolution in 2.03s warning: /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc) /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift) warning: /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc) /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift) warning: /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc) /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift) warning: /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swiftc) /home/sgugger/swift/usr/bin/swift: /home/sgugger/anaconda3/lib/libuuid.so.1: no version information available (required by 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Installation complete!
In [ ]:
//export
import Path
import TensorFlow
import Python
In [ ]:
import FastaiNotebook_06_cuda
In [ ]:
%include "EnableIPythonDisplay.swift"
IPythonDisplay.shell.enable_matplotlib("inline")
Out[ ]:
('inline', 'module://ipykernel.pylab.backend_inline')
Load data¶
In [ ]:
let data = mnistDataBunch(flat: false, bs: 512)
In [ ]:
func optFunc(_ model: CnnModel) -> SGD<CnnModel> { return SGD(for: model, learningRate: 0.4) }
func modelInit() -> CnnModel { return CnnModel(channelIn: 1, nOut: 10, filters: [8, 16, 32, 32]) }
let learner = Learner(data: data, lossFunc: softmaxCrossEntropy, optFunc: optFunc, modelInit: modelInit)
let recorder = learner.makeDefaultDelegates(metrics: [accuracy])
learner.addDelegates([learner.makeNormalize(mean: mnistStats.mean, std: mnistStats.std),
learner.makeAddChannel()])
In [ ]:
time { try! learner.fit(1) }
Epoch 0: [0.48433208, 0.8463] average: 4766.350142 ms, min: 4766.350142 ms, max: 4766.350142 ms
Batchnorm¶
Custom¶
Let's start by building our own BatchNorm layer from scratch. Eventually we intend for this code to do the trick:
In [ ]:
struct AlmostBatchNorm<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: Differentiable {
// Configuration hyperparameters
@noDerivative let momentum, epsilon: Scalar
// Running statistics
@noDerivative var runningMean, runningVariance: Tensor<Scalar>
// Trainable parameters
var scale, offset: Tensor<Scalar>
init(featureCount: Int, momentum: Scalar = 0.9, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.momentum = momentum
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.scale = Tensor(ones: [featureCount])
self.offset = Tensor(zeros: [featureCount])
self.runningMean = Tensor(0)
self.runningVariance = Tensor(1)
}
mutating func callAsFunction(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean: Tensor<Scalar>
let variance: Tensor<Scalar>
switch Context.local.learningPhase {
case .training:
mean = input.mean(alongAxes: [0, 1, 2])
variance = input.variance(alongAxes: [0, 1, 2])
runningMean += (mean - runningMean) * (1 - momentum)
runningVariance += (variance - runningVariance) * (1 - momentum)
case .inference:
mean = runningMean
variance = runningVariance
}
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
}
But there are some automatic differentiation limitations (control flow support) and Layer protocol constraints (mutating call) that make this impossible for now (note the lack of @differentiable or a Layer conformance), so we'll need a few workarounds. A Reference will let us update running statistics without declaring the applied method mutating:
In [ ]:
//export
public class Reference<T> {
public var value: T
public init(_ value: T) { self.value = value }
}
The following snippet will let us differentiate a layer's call method if it's composed of training and inference implementations that are each differentiable:
In [ ]:
//export
public protocol LearningPhaseDependent: FALayer {
associatedtype Input
associatedtype Output
@differentiable func forwardTraining(_ input: Input) -> Output
@differentiable func forwardInference(_ input: Input) -> Output
}
extension LearningPhaseDependent {
// This `@differentiable` attribute is necessary, to tell the compiler that this satisfies the FALayer
// protocol requirement, even though there is a `@differentiating(forward)` method below.
// TODO: It seems nondeterministically necessary. Some subsequent notebooks import this successfully without it,
// some require it. Investigate.
@differentiable
public func forward(_ input: Input) -> Output {
switch Context.local.learningPhase {
case .training: return forwardTraining(input)
case .inference: return forwardInference(input)
}
}
@differentiating(forward)
func gradForward(_ input: Input) ->
(value: Output, pullback: (Self.Output.TangentVector) ->
(Self.TangentVector, Self.Input.TangentVector)) {
switch Context.local.learningPhase {
case .training:
return valueWithPullback(at: input) { $0.forwardTraining ($1) }
case .inference:
return valueWithPullback(at: input) { $0.forwardInference($1) }
}
}
}
Now we can implement a BatchNorm that we can use in our models:
In [ ]:
//export
public protocol Norm: Layer where Input == Tensor<Scalar>, Output == Tensor<Scalar>{
associatedtype Scalar
init(featureCount: Int, epsilon: Scalar)
}
public struct FABatchNorm<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: LearningPhaseDependent, Norm {
// TF-603 workaround.
public typealias Input = Tensor<Scalar>
public typealias Output = Tensor<Scalar>
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
// Configuration hyperparameters
@noDerivative var momentum, epsilon: Scalar
// Running statistics
@noDerivative let runningMean, runningVariance: Reference<Tensor<Scalar>>
// Trainable parameters
public var scale, offset: Tensor<Scalar>
public init(featureCount: Int, momentum: Scalar, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.momentum = momentum
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.scale = Tensor(ones: [featureCount])
self.offset = Tensor(zeros: [featureCount])
self.runningMean = Reference(Tensor(0))
self.runningVariance = Reference(Tensor(1))
}
public init(featureCount: Int, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.init(featureCount: featureCount, momentum: 0.9, epsilon: epsilon)
}
@differentiable
public func forwardTraining(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean = input.mean(alongAxes: [0, 1, 2])
let variance = input.variance(alongAxes: [0, 1, 2])
runningMean.value += (mean - runningMean.value) * (1 - momentum)
runningVariance.value += (variance - runningVariance.value) * (1 - momentum)
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
@differentiable
public func forwardInference(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean = runningMean.value
let variance = runningVariance.value
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
}
TensorFlow provides a highly optimized batch norm implementation, let us redefine our batch norm to invoke it directly.
In [ ]:
//export
struct BatchNormResult<Scalar : TensorFlowFloatingPoint> : Differentiable{
var y, batchMean, batchVariance, reserveSpace1, reserveSpace2: Tensor<Scalar>
}
public struct TFBatchNorm<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: LearningPhaseDependent, Norm {
// Configuration hyperparameters
@noDerivative var momentum, epsilon: Scalar
// Running statistics
@noDerivative let runningMean, runningVariance: Reference<Tensor<Scalar>>
// Trainable parameters
public var scale, offset: Tensor<Scalar>
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
public init(featureCount: Int, momentum: Scalar, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.momentum = momentum
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.scale = Tensor(ones: [featureCount])
self.offset = Tensor(zeros: [featureCount])
self.runningMean = Reference(Tensor(0))
self.runningVariance = Reference(Tensor(1))
}
public init(featureCount: Int, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.init(featureCount: featureCount, momentum: 0.9, epsilon: epsilon)
}
@differentiable
public func forwardTraining(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let res = TFBatchNorm<Scalar>.fusedBatchNorm(
input, scale: scale, offset: offset, epsilon: epsilon)
let (output, mean, variance) = (res.y, res.batchMean, res.batchVariance)
runningMean.value += (mean - runningMean.value) * (1 - momentum)
runningVariance.value += (variance - runningVariance.value) * (1 - momentum)
return output
}
@differentiable
public func forwardInference(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean = runningMean.value
let variance = runningVariance.value
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
@differentiable(wrt: (x, scale, offset), vjp: _vjpFusedBatchNorm)
static func fusedBatchNorm(
_ x : Tensor<Scalar>, scale: Tensor<Scalar>, offset: Tensor<Scalar>, epsilon: Scalar
) -> BatchNormResult<Scalar> {
let ret = Raw.fusedBatchNormV2(
x, scale: scale, offset: offset,
mean: Tensor<Scalar>([] as [Scalar]), variance: Tensor<Scalar>([] as [Scalar]),
epsilon: Double(epsilon))
return BatchNormResult(
y: ret.y, batchMean: ret.batchMean, batchVariance: ret.batchVariance,
reserveSpace1: ret.reserveSpace1, reserveSpace2: ret.reserveSpace2
)
}
static func _vjpFusedBatchNorm(
_ x : Tensor<Scalar>, scale: Tensor<Scalar>, offset: Tensor<Scalar>, epsilon: Scalar
) -> (BatchNormResult<Scalar>,
(BatchNormResult<Scalar>.TangentVector) -> (Tensor<Scalar>.TangentVector,
Tensor<Scalar>.TangentVector,
Tensor<Scalar>.TangentVector)) {
let bnresult = fusedBatchNorm(x, scale: scale, offset: offset, epsilon: epsilon)
return (
bnresult,
{v in
let res = Raw.fusedBatchNormGradV2(
yBackprop: v.y, x, scale: Tensor<Float>(scale),
reserveSpace1: bnresult.reserveSpace1,
reserveSpace2: bnresult.reserveSpace2,
epsilon: Double(epsilon))
return (res.xBackprop, res.scaleBackprop, res.offsetBackprop)
})
}
}
In [ ]:
//export
public struct ConvBN<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: FALayer {
// TF-603 workaround.
public typealias Input = Tensor<Scalar>
public typealias Output = Tensor<Scalar>
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
public var conv: FANoBiasConv2D<Scalar>
public var norm: FABatchNorm<Scalar>
public init(_ cIn: Int, _ cOut: Int, ks: Int = 3, stride: Int = 1){
// TODO (when control flow AD works): use Conv2D without bias
self.conv = FANoBiasConv2D(cIn, cOut, ks: ks, stride: stride, activation: relu)
self.norm = FABatchNorm(featureCount: cOut, epsilon: 1e-5)
}
@differentiable
public func forward(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
return norm.forward(conv.forward(input))
}
}
In [ ]:
// Would be great if this generic could work
// struct ConvNorm<NormType: Norm, Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: Layer
// where NormType.Scalar == Scalar {
// var conv: Conv2D<Scalar>
// var norm: NormType
// init(
// filterShape: (Int, Int, Int, Int),
// strides: (Int, Int) = (1, 1),
// padding: Padding = .valid,
// activation: @escaping Conv2D<Scalar>.Activation = identity
// ) {
// // TODO (when control flow AD works): use Conv2D without bias
// self.conv = Conv2D(
// filterShape: filterShape,
// strides: strides,
// padding: padding,
// activation: activation)
// self.norm = NormType.init(featureCount: filterShape.3, epsilon: 1e-5)
// }
// @differentiable
// func applied(to input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
// return norm.applied(to: conv.applied(to: input))
// }
// }
//typealias ConvBN = ConvNorm<BatchNorm<Float>, Float>
In [ ]:
//export
public struct CnnModelBN: Layer {
public var convs: [ConvBN<Float>]
public var pool = FAGlobalAvgPool2D<Float>()
public var linear: FADense<Float>
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
public init(channelIn: Int, nOut: Int, filters: [Int]){
let allFilters = [channelIn] + filters
convs = Array(0..<filters.count).map { i in
return ConvBN(allFilters[i], allFilters[i+1], ks: 3, stride: 2)
}
linear = FADense<Float>(filters.last!, nOut)
}
@differentiable
public func callAsFunction(_ input: TF) -> TF {
// TODO: Work around https://bugs.swift.org/browse/TF-606
return linear.forward(pool.forward(convs(input)))
}
}
In [ ]:
func optFunc(_ model: CnnModelBN) -> SGD<CnnModelBN> { return SGD(for: model, learningRate: 0.4) }
func modelInit() -> CnnModelBN { return CnnModelBN(channelIn: 1, nOut: 10, filters: [8, 16, 32, 32]) }
let learner = Learner(data: data, lossFunc: softmaxCrossEntropy, optFunc: optFunc, modelInit: modelInit)
let recorder = learner.makeDefaultDelegates(metrics: [accuracy])
learner.addDelegates([learner.makeNormalize(mean: mnistStats.mean, std: mnistStats.std),
learner.makeAddChannel()])
In [ ]:
time { try! learner.fit(1) }
Epoch 0: [nan(0x1fffff), 0.098] average: 2481.692572 ms, min: 2481.692572 ms, max: 2481.692572 ms
More norms¶
Layer norm¶
From the paper: "batch normalization cannot be applied to online learning tasks or to extremely large distributed models where the minibatches have to be small".
General equation for a norm layer with learnable affine:
$$y = \frac{x - \mathrm{E}[x]}{ \sqrt{\mathrm{Var}[x] + \epsilon}} * \gamma + \beta$$The difference with BatchNorm is
- we don't keep a moving average
- we don't average over the batches dimension but over the hidden dimension, so it's independent of the batch size
In [ ]:
struct LayerNorm2D<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: Norm {
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
// Configuration hyperparameters
@noDerivative let epsilon: Scalar
// Trainable parameters
var scale: Tensor<Scalar>
var offset: Tensor<Scalar>
init(featureCount: Int, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.scale = Tensor(ones: [featureCount])
self.offset = Tensor(zeros: [featureCount])
}
@differentiable
func callAsFunction(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean = input.mean(alongAxes: [1, 2, 3])
let variance = input.variance(alongAxes: [1, 2, 3])
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
}
struct ConvLN<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: FALayer {
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
var conv: FANoBiasConv2D<Scalar>
var norm: LayerNorm2D<Scalar>
init(_ cIn: Int, _ cOut: Int, ks: Int = 3, stride: Int = 2){
// TODO (when control flow AD works): use Conv2D without bias
self.conv = FANoBiasConv2D(cIn, cOut, ks: ks, stride: stride, activation: relu)
self.norm = LayerNorm2D(featureCount: cOut, epsilon: 1e-5)
}
@differentiable
func forward(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
return norm.callAsFunction(conv.forward(input))
}
}
In [ ]:
public struct CnnModelLN: Layer {
public var convs: [ConvLN<Float>]
public var pool = FAGlobalAvgPool2D<Float>()
public var linear: FADense<Float>
public init(channelIn: Int, nOut: Int, filters: [Int]){
let allFilters = [channelIn] + filters
convs = Array(0..<filters.count).map { i in
return ConvLN(allFilters[i], allFilters[i+1], ks: 3, stride: 2)
}
linear = FADense<Float>(filters.last!, nOut)
}
@differentiable
public func callAsFunction(_ input: TF) -> TF {
// TODO: Work around https://bugs.swift.org/browse/TF-606
return linear.forward(pool.forward(convs(input)))
}
}
In [ ]:
struct InstanceNorm<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: Norm {
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
// Configuration hyperparameters
@noDerivative let epsilon: Scalar
// Trainable parameters
var scale: Tensor<Scalar>
var offset: Tensor<Scalar>
init(featureCount: Int, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.scale = Tensor(ones: [featureCount])
self.offset = Tensor(zeros: [featureCount])
}
@differentiable
func callAsFunction(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean = input.mean(alongAxes: [2, 3])
let variance = input.variance(alongAxes: [2, 3])
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
}
struct ConvIN<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: FALayer {
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
var conv: FANoBiasConv2D<Scalar>
var norm: InstanceNorm<Scalar>
init(_ cIn: Int, _ cOut: Int, ks: Int = 3, stride: Int = 2){
// TODO (when control flow AD works): use Conv2D without bias
self.conv = FANoBiasConv2D(cIn, cOut, ks: ks, stride: stride, activation: relu)
self.norm = InstanceNorm(featureCount: cOut, epsilon: 1e-5)
}
@differentiable
func forward(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
return norm.callAsFunction(conv.forward(input))
}
}
Lost in all those norms? The authors from the group norm paper have you covered:
TODO/skipping GroupNorm
Running Batch Norm¶
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struct RunningBatchNorm<Scalar: TensorFlowFloatingPoint>: LearningPhaseDependent, Norm {
@noDerivative public var delegates: [(Self.Output) -> ()] = []
// Configuration hyperparameters
@noDerivative let momentum: Scalar
@noDerivative let epsilon: Scalar
// Running statistics
@noDerivative let runningSum: Reference<Tensor<Scalar>>
@noDerivative let runningSumOfSquares: Reference<Tensor<Scalar>>
@noDerivative let runningCount: Reference<Scalar>
@noDerivative let samplesSeen: Reference<Int>
// Trainable parameters
var scale: Tensor<Scalar>
var offset: Tensor<Scalar>
init(featureCount: Int, momentum: Scalar, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.momentum = momentum
self.epsilon = epsilon
self.scale = Tensor(ones: [featureCount])
self.offset = Tensor(zeros: [featureCount])
self.runningSum = Reference(Tensor(0))
self.runningSumOfSquares = Reference(Tensor(0))
self.runningCount = Reference(Scalar(0))
self.samplesSeen = Reference(0)
}
init(featureCount: Int, epsilon: Scalar = 1e-5) {
self.init(featureCount: featureCount, momentum: 0.9, epsilon: epsilon)
}
@differentiable
func forwardTraining(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let (batch, channels) = (input.shape[0], Scalar(input.shape[3]))
let sum = input.sum(alongAxes: [0, 1, 2])
let sumOfSquares = (input * input).sum(alongAxes: [0, 1, 2])
// TODO: Work around https://bugs.swift.org/browse/TF-607
let count = withoutDerivative(at: Scalar(input.scalarCount)) { tmp in tmp } / channels
let mom = momentum / sqrt(Scalar(batch) - 1)
let runningSum = mom * self.runningSum.value + (1 - mom) * sum
let runningSumOfSquares = mom * self.runningSumOfSquares.value + (
1 - mom) * sumOfSquares
let runningCount = mom * self.runningCount.value + (1 - mom) * count
self.runningSum.value = runningSum
self.runningSumOfSquares.value = runningSumOfSquares
self.runningCount.value = runningCount
self.samplesSeen.value += batch
let mean = runningSum / runningCount
let variance = runningSumOfSquares / runningCount - mean * mean
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
@differentiable
func forwardInference(_ input: Tensor<Scalar>) -> Tensor<Scalar> {
let mean = runningSum.value / runningCount.value
let variance = runningSumOfSquares.value / runningCount.value - mean * mean
let normalizer = rsqrt(variance + epsilon) * scale
return (input - mean) * normalizer + offset
}
}
TODO: XLA compilation + test RBN
Export¶
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import NotebookExport
let exporter = NotebookExport(Path.cwd/"07_batchnorm.ipynb")
print(exporter.export(usingPrefix: "FastaiNotebook_"))
success
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