# IMPORT PACKAGES
from em_examples.Base import widgetify
import em_examples.InductionLoop as IND
from ipywidgets import interact, FloatSlider, FloatText
Efficiency Warning: Interpolation will be slow, use setup.py! python setup.py build_ext --inplace
Below are the adjustable parameters for widgets within this notebook:
Consider the case in the image above, where a circular loop of wire ($Tx$) caries a harmonic current $I_p (\omega)$. According to the Biot-Savart law, this produces a harmonic primary magnetic field. The harmonic nature of the corresponding magnetic flux which passes through the receiver coil ($Rx$) generates an induced secondary current $I_s (\omega)$, which depends on the coil's resistance ($R$) and inductance ($L$). Here, we will provided final analytic results associated with the app below. Full derivations can be found at the bottom of the page.
The frequency response which characterizes the induced currents in $Rx$ is given by:
\begin{equation} I_s (\omega) = - \frac{i \omega A \beta_n}{R + i \omega L} I_p(\omega) \end{equation}where $A$ is the area of $Rx$ and $\beta$ contains the geometric information pertaining to the problem. The induced current has both in-phase and quadrature components. These are given by:
\begin{align} I_{Re} (\omega) &= - \frac{i \omega A \beta_n R}{R^2 + (\omega L)^2} I_p(\omega) \\ I_{Im} (\omega) &= - \frac{ \omega^2 A \beta_n L}{R^2 + (\omega L)^2} I_p(\omega) \end{align}In the time domain, let us consider a time-harmonic primary current of the form $I_p(t) = I_0 \textrm{cos}(\omega t)$. In this case, the induced currents within $Rx$ are given by:
\begin{equation} I_s (t) = - \Bigg [ \frac{\omega I_0 A \beta_n}{R \, \textrm{sin} \phi + \omega L \, \textrm{cos} \phi} \Bigg ] \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t -\phi) \;\;\;\;\; \textrm{where} \;\;\;\;\; \phi = \textrm{tan}^{-1} \Bigg ( \frac{\omega L}{R} \Bigg ) \, \in \, [\pi/2, \pi ] \end{equation}The phase-lag between the primary and secondary currents is represented by $\phi$. As a result, there are both in-phase and quadrature components of the induced current, which are given by: \begin{align} \textrm{In phase:} \, I_s (t) &= - \Bigg [ \frac{\omega I_0 A \beta_n}{R \, \textrm{sin} \phi + \omega L \, \textrm{cos} \phi} \Bigg ] \textrm{cos} \phi \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t) \\ \textrm{Quadrature:} \, I_s (t) &= - \Bigg [ \frac{\omega I_0 A \beta_n}{R \, \textrm{sin} \phi + \omega L \, \textrm{cos} \phi} \Bigg ] \textrm{sin} \phi \, \textrm{sin} (\omega t) \end{align}
# RUN FREQUENCY DOMAIN WIDGET
widgetify(IND.fcn_FDEM_Widget,I=FloatSlider(min=1, max=10., value=1., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$I_0$"),\
a1=FloatSlider(min=1., max=20., value=10., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$a_{Tx}$"),\
a2=FloatSlider(min=1., max=20.,value=5.,step=1.,continuous_update=False,description = "$a_{Rx}$"),\
xRx=FloatSlider(min=-15., max=15., value=0., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$x_{Rx}$"),\
zRx=FloatSlider(min=-15., max=15., value=-8., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$z_{Rx}$"),\
azm=FloatSlider(min=-90., max=90., value=0., step=10., continuous_update=False, description = "$\\theta$"),\
logR=FloatSlider(min=0., max=6., value=2., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$log_{10}(R)$"),\
logL=FloatSlider(min=-7., max=-2., value=-4., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$log_{10}(L)$"),\
logf=FloatSlider(min=0., max=8., value=5., step=1., continuous_update=False, description = "$log_{10}(f)$"))
Consider a transmitter loop which carries a harmonic primary current $I_p(\omega)$. According to the Biot-Savart law, this results in a primary magnetic field: \begin{equation} \mathbf{B_p} (\mathbf{r},\omega) = \boldsymbol{\beta} \, I_p(\omega) \;\;\;\; \textrm{where} \;\;\;\;\; \boldsymbol{\beta} = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \int_C \frac{d \mathbf{l} \times \mathbf{r'}}{|\mathbf{r'}|^2} \end{equation} where $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ contains the problem geometry. Assume the magnetic field is homogeneous through the receiver loop. The primary field generates an EMF within the receiver loop equal to: \begin{equation} EMF = - i\omega \Phi \;\;\;\;\; \textrm{where} \;\;\;\;\; \Phi = A \beta_n I_p(\omega) \end{equation} where $A$ is the area of the receiver loop and $\beta_n$ is the component of $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ along $\hat n$. The EMF induces a secondary current $I_s(\omega)$ within the receiver loop. The secondary current is defined by the following expression: \begin{equation} V = - i \omega A \beta_n I_p (\omega) = \big (R + i\omega L \big )I_s(\omega) \end{equation} Rearranging this expression to solve for the secondary current we obtain \begin{equation} I_s (\omega) = - \frac{i \omega A \beta_n}{R + i \omega L} I_p(\omega) \end{equation} The secondary current has both real and imaginary components. These are given by: \begin{equation} I_{Re} (\omega) = - \frac{i \omega A \beta_n R}{R^2 + (\omega L)^2} I_p(\omega) \end{equation} and \begin{equation} I_{Im} (\omega) = - \frac{ \omega^2 A \beta_n L}{R^2 + (\omega L)^2} I_p(\omega) \end{equation}
Consider a transmitter loop which carries a harmonic primary current of the form: \begin{equation} I_p(t) = I_0 \textrm{cos} (\omega t) \end{equation} According to the Biot-Savart law, this results in a primary magnetic field: \begin{equation} \mathbf{B_p} (\mathbf{r},t) = \boldsymbol{\beta} \, I_0 \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t) \;\;\;\; \textrm{where} \;\;\;\;\; \boldsymbol{\beta} = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \int_C \frac{d \mathbf{l} \times \mathbf{r'}}{|\mathbf{r'}|^2} \end{equation} where $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ contains the problem geometry. If the magnetic field is homogeneous through the receiver loop, the primary field generates an EMF within the receiver loop equal to: \begin{equation} EMF = - \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t} \;\;\;\;\; \textrm{where} \;\;\;\;\; \Phi = A\hat n \cdot \mathbf{B_p} = I_0 A \beta_n \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t) \end{equation} where $A$ is the area of the receiver loop and $\beta_n$ is the component of $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ along $\hat n$. The EMF induces a secondary current $I_s$ within the receiver loop. The secondary current is defined by the following ODE: \begin{equation} V = \omega I_0 A \beta_n \, \textrm{sin} (\omega t) = I_s R + L \frac{dI_s}{dt} \end{equation} The ODE has a solution of the form: \begin{equation} I_s (t) = \alpha \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t - \phi) \end{equation} where $\alpha$ is the amplitude of the secondary current and $\phi$ is the phase lag. By solving the ODE, the secondary current induced in the receiver loop is given by: \begin{equation} I_s (t) = - \Bigg [ \frac{\omega I_0 A \beta_n}{R \, \textrm{sin} \phi + \omega L \, \textrm{cos} \phi} \Bigg ] \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t -\phi) \;\;\;\;\; \textrm{where} \;\;\;\;\; \phi = \textrm{tan}^{-1} \Bigg ( \frac{\omega L}{R} \Bigg ) \, \in \, [\pi/2, \pi ] \end{equation} The secondary current has both in-phase and quadrature components, these are given by: \begin{equation} \textrm{In phase:} \, I_s (t) = - \Bigg [ \frac{\omega I_0 A \beta_n}{R \, \textrm{sin} \phi + \omega L \, \textrm{cos} \phi} \Bigg ] \textrm{cos} \phi \, \textrm{cos} (\omega t) \end{equation} and \begin{equation} \textrm{Quadrature:} \, I_s (t) = - \Bigg [ \frac{\omega I_0 A \beta_n}{R \, \textrm{sin} \phi + \omega L \, \textrm{cos} \phi} \Bigg ] \textrm{sin} \phi \, \textrm{sin} (\omega t) \end{equation}