Notebook

Mesh Parameterization¶

Important: Please read the installation page for details about how to install the toolboxes. $\newcommand{\dotp}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $\newcommand{\enscond}[2]{\lbrace #1, #2 \rbrace}$ $\newcommand{\pd}[2]{ \frac{ \partial #1}{\partial #2} }$ $\newcommand{\umin}[1]{\underset{#1}{\min}\;}$ $\newcommand{\umax}[1]{\underset{#1}{\max}\;}$ $\newcommand{\umin}[1]{\underset{#1}{\min}\;}$ $\newcommand{\uargmin}[1]{\underset{#1}{argmin}\;}$ $\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\|#1\|}$ $\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left|#1\right|}$ $\newcommand{\choice}[1]{ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} #1 \end{array} \right. }$ $\newcommand{\pa}[1]{\left(#1\right)}$ $\newcommand{\diag}[1]{{diag}\left( #1 \right)}$ $\newcommand{\qandq}{\quad\text{and}\quad}$ $\newcommand{\qwhereq}{\quad\text{where}\quad}$ $\newcommand{\qifq}{ \quad \text{if} \quad }$ $\newcommand{\qarrq}{ \quad \Longrightarrow \quad }$ $\newcommand{\ZZ}{\mathbb{Z}}$ $\newcommand{\CC}{\mathbb{C}}$ $\newcommand{\RR}{\mathbb{R}}$ $\newcommand{\EE}{\mathbb{E}}$ $\newcommand{\Zz}{\mathcal{Z}}$ $\newcommand{\Ww}{\mathcal{W}}$ $\newcommand{\Vv}{\mathcal{V}}$ $\newcommand{\Nn}{\mathcal{N}}$ $\newcommand{\NN}{\mathcal{N}}$ $\newcommand{\Hh}{\mathcal{H}}$ $\newcommand{\Bb}{\mathcal{B}}$ $\newcommand{\Ee}{\mathcal{E}}$ $\newcommand{\Cc}{\mathcal{C}}$ $\newcommand{\Gg}{\mathcal{G}}$ $\newcommand{\Ss}{\mathcal{S}}$ $\newcommand{\Pp}{\mathcal{P}}$ $\newcommand{\Ff}{\mathcal{F}}$ $\newcommand{\Xx}{\mathcal{X}}$ $\newcommand{\Mm}{\mathcal{M}}$ $\newcommand{\Ii}{\mathcal{I}}$ $\newcommand{\Dd}{\mathcal{D}}$ $\newcommand{\Ll}{\mathcal{L}}$ $\newcommand{\Tt}{\mathcal{T}}$ $\newcommand{\si}{\sigma}$ $\newcommand{\al}{\alpha}$ $\newcommand{\la}{\lambda}$ $\newcommand{\ga}{\gamma}$ $\newcommand{\Ga}{\Gamma}$ $\newcommand{\La}{\Lambda}$ $\newcommand{\si}{\sigma}$ $\newcommand{\Si}{\Sigma}$ $\newcommand{\be}{\beta}$ $\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$ $\newcommand{\De}{\Delta}$ $\newcommand{\phi}{\varphi}$ $\newcommand{\th}{\theta}$ $\newcommand{\om}{\omega}$ $\newcommand{\Om}{\Omega}$

This tour explores 2-D parameterization of 3D surfaces using linear methods.

A review paper for mesh parameterization can be found in:

M.S. Floater and K. Hormann, Surface Parameterization: a Tutorial and Survey in Advances in multiresolution for geometric modelling, p. 157-186, 2005.

Conformal Laplacian¶

The conformal Laplacian uses the cotan weights to obtain an accurate discretization of the Laplace Beltrami Laplacian.

They where first introduces as a linear finite element approximation of the Laplace-Beltrami operator in:

U. Pinkall and K. Polthier, Computing discrete minimal surfaces and their conjugates Experimental Mathematics, 2(1):15-36, 1993.

First load a mesh. The faces are stored in a matrix $F = (f_j)_{j=1}^m \in \RR^{3 \times m}$ of $m$ faces $f_j \in \{1,\ldots,n\}^3$. The position of the vertices are stored in a matrix $X = (x_i)_{i=1}^n \in \RR^{3 \times n}$ of $n$ triplets of points $x_k \in \RR^3$

In [8]:

X, F = read_mesh("NtToolbox/src/data/nefertiti.off")
n = size(X,2);

In order to perform mesh parameterization, it is important that this mesh has the topology of a disk, i.e. it should have a single B.

First we compute the boundary $B = (i_1,\ldots,i_p)$ of the mesh. By definition, for the edges $(i_k,i_{k+1})$, there is a single adjacent face $ (i_k,i_{k+1},\ell) $.

In [9]:

B = compute_boundary(F);

Length of the boundary.

In [10]:

p = length(B);

Display the boundary.

In [11]:

figure(figsize=(10,10))
#plot mesh
plot_mesh(X, F, el=80,az=-100, lwdt=.6, dist=6)

#plot boundary
for i in 1:length(B)
    plot(X[1,B], X[2,B], X[3,B], color="red", lw=3)
end

The conformal Laplacian weight matrix $W \in \RR^{n \times n}$ is defined as $$ W_{i,j} = \choice{ \text{cotan}(\al_{i,j}) + \text{cotan}(\be_{i,j}) \qifq i \sim j \\ \quad 0 \quad \text{otherwise}. } $$ Here, $i \times j$ means that there exists two faces $ (i,j,k) $ and $ (i,j,\ell) $ in the mesh (note that for B faces, one has $k=\ell$).

The angles are the angles centered as $k$ and $\ell$, i.e. $$ \al_{i,j} = \widehat{x_i x_k x_j } \qandq \be_{i,j} = \widehat{x_i x_\ell x_j }. $$

Compute the conformal 'cotan' weights. Note that each angle $\alpha$ in the mesh contributes with $1/\text{tan}(\alpha)$ to the weight of the opposite edge. We compute $\alpha$ as $$ \alpha = \text{acos}\pa{ \frac{\dotp{u}{v}}{\norm{u}\norm{v}} } $$ where $u \in \RR^3, v \in \RR^3$ are the edges of the adjacent vertices that defines $\al$.

In [12]:

W = spzeros(n,n)

for i in 1:3
    i2 = i%3+1
    i3 = (i+1)%3+1
    u = X[:,F[i2,:]] - X[:,F[i,:]]
    v = X[:,F[i3,:]] - X[:,F[i,:]]
    # normalize the vectors   
    u = u ./ repeat(sqrt(sum(u.^2,1)), outer=(3,1))
    v = v ./ repeat(sqrt(sum(v.^2,1)), outer=(3,1))
    # compute angles
    alpha = 1./tan(acos(sum(u.*v, 1)))
    alpha = vec(max(alpha, 1e-2)') #avoid degeneracy
    W = W + sparse(F[i2,:],F[i3,:], alpha, n,n)
    W = W + sparse(F[i3,:],F[i2,:], alpha, n,n)
end;

Compute the symmetric Laplacian matrix $L = D-W$ where $D = \mathrm{Diag}_i\pa{\sum_j W_{i,j}}$

In [13]:

d = sum(W,1)
D = spdiagm(vec(d), 0,n,n)
L = D - W;

Fixed Boundary Harmonic Parameterization¶

The problem of mesh parameterization corresponds to finding 2-D locations $(y_i = (y_i^1,y_i^2) \in \RR^2$ for each original vertex, where $ Y = (y_i)_{i=1}^n \in \RR^{2 \times n} $ denotes the flattened positions.

The goal is for this parameterization to be valid, i.e. the 2-D mesh obtained by replacing $X$ by $Y$ but keeping the same face connectivity $F$ should not contained flipped faces (all face should have the same orientation in the plane).

We consider here a linear methods, that finds the parameterization, that impose that the coordinates are harmonic inside the domain, and have fixed position on the boundary (Dirichlet conditions) $$ \forall s=1,2, \quad \forall i \notin B, \quad (L y^s)_i = 0, \qandq \forall j \in B, \quad y^s_j = z_j^s. $$

In order for this method to define a valid parameterization, it is necessary that the fixed position $ z_j = (z^1_j,z^2_j) \in \RR^2 $ are consecutive points along a convex polygon.

Compute the fixed positions $Z=(z_j)_j$ for the vertices on $B$. Here we use a circle.

In [14]:

p = length(B)
t = collect(linspace(0,2*pi,p+1))
deleteat!(t,p+1)
Z = [cos(t)'; sin(t)'];

Computing the parameterization requires to solve two independent linear system $$ \forall s=1,2, \quad L_1 y^s = r^s $$ where $L_1$ is a modified Laplacian, the is obtained from $L$ by $$ \choice{ \forall i \notin B, \quad (L_0)_{i,j} = L_{i,j} \\ \forall i \in B, \quad (L_0)_{i,i}=1, \\ \forall i \in B, \forall j \neq i, \quad (L_0)_{i,i}=0, } $$ i.e. replacing each row indexed by $B$ by a 1 on the diagonal.

In [15]:

L1 = copy(L)
L1[B,:] = 0
for i in 1:length(B)
    L1[B[i], B[i]] = 1
    end;

Set up the right hand size $R$ with the fixed position.

In [16]:

R = zeros(2,n)
R[:,B] = Z;

Solve the two linear systems.

In [17]:

Y = zeros(2,n)
Y = (L1 \ R')';

Display the parameterization.¶

In [18]:

figure(figsize=(10,10))
plot_mesh([Y;zeros(1,n)],F, lwdt = 1., c="lightgrey");

Mesh Parameterization on a Square¶

One can perform a fixed B parameterization on a square. This is useful to compute a geometry image (a color image storring the position of the vertices).

Exercise 1

Compute the fixed positions $Z$ of the points indexed by $B$ that are along a square. Warning: $p$ is not divisible by 4.

In [19]:

include("NtSolutions/meshdeform_1_parameterization/exo1.jl");

In [20]:

## Insert your code here.

Exercise 2

Compute the parameterization $Y$ on a square.

In [21]:

include("NtSolutions/meshdeform_1_parameterization/exo2.jl");