Edge Detection¶
Important: Please read the installation page for details about how to install the toolboxes. $\newcommand{\dotp}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $\newcommand{\enscond}[2]{\lbrace #1, #2 \rbrace}$ $\newcommand{\pd}[2]{ \frac{ \partial #1}{\partial #2} }$ $\newcommand{\umin}[1]{\underset{#1}{\min}\;}$ $\newcommand{\umax}[1]{\underset{#1}{\max}\;}$ $\newcommand{\umin}[1]{\underset{#1}{\min}\;}$ $\newcommand{\uargmin}[1]{\underset{#1}{argmin}\;}$ $\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\|#1\|}$ $\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left|#1\right|}$ $\newcommand{\choice}[1]{ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} #1 \end{array} \right. }$ $\newcommand{\pa}[1]{\left(#1\right)}$ $\newcommand{\diag}[1]{{diag}\left( #1 \right)}$ $\newcommand{\qandq}{\quad\text{and}\quad}$ $\newcommand{\qwhereq}{\quad\text{where}\quad}$ $\newcommand{\qifq}{ \quad \text{if} \quad }$ $\newcommand{\qarrq}{ \quad \Longrightarrow \quad }$ $\newcommand{\ZZ}{\mathbb{Z}}$ $\newcommand{\CC}{\mathbb{C}}$ $\newcommand{\RR}{\mathbb{R}}$ $\newcommand{\EE}{\mathbb{E}}$ $\newcommand{\Zz}{\mathcal{Z}}$ $\newcommand{\Ww}{\mathcal{W}}$ $\newcommand{\Vv}{\mathcal{V}}$ $\newcommand{\Nn}{\mathcal{N}}$ $\newcommand{\NN}{\mathcal{N}}$ $\newcommand{\Hh}{\mathcal{H}}$ $\newcommand{\Bb}{\mathcal{B}}$ $\newcommand{\Ee}{\mathcal{E}}$ $\newcommand{\Cc}{\mathcal{C}}$ $\newcommand{\Gg}{\mathcal{G}}$ $\newcommand{\Ss}{\mathcal{S}}$ $\newcommand{\Pp}{\mathcal{P}}$ $\newcommand{\Ff}{\mathcal{F}}$ $\newcommand{\Xx}{\mathcal{X}}$ $\newcommand{\Mm}{\mathcal{M}}$ $\newcommand{\Ii}{\mathcal{I}}$ $\newcommand{\Dd}{\mathcal{D}}$ $\newcommand{\Ll}{\mathcal{L}}$ $\newcommand{\Tt}{\mathcal{T}}$ $\newcommand{\si}{\sigma}$ $\newcommand{\al}{\alpha}$ $\newcommand{\la}{\lambda}$ $\newcommand{\ga}{\gamma}$ $\newcommand{\Ga}{\Gamma}$ $\newcommand{\La}{\Lambda}$ $\newcommand{\si}{\sigma}$ $\newcommand{\Si}{\Sigma}$ $\newcommand{\be}{\beta}$ $\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$ $\newcommand{\De}{\Delta}$ $\newcommand{\phi}{\varphi}$ $\newcommand{\th}{\theta}$ $\newcommand{\om}{\omega}$ $\newcommand{\Om}{\Omega}$
This numerical tour explores local differential operators (grad, div, laplacian) and their use to perform edge detection.
using PyPlot
using NtToolBox
# using Autoreload
# arequire("NtToolBox")
Diffusion and Convolution¶
To obtain robust edge detection method, it is required to first remove the noise and small scale features in the image. This can be achieved using a linear blurring kernel.
Size of the image.
n = 256*2;
Load an image $f_0$ of $N=n \times n$ pixels.
f0 = load_image("NtToolBox/src/data/hibiscus.png", n);
Display it.
figure(figsize=(5,5))
imageplot(f0)
Blurring is achieved using convolution: $$ f \star h(x) = \sum_y f(y-x) h(x) $$ where we assume periodic boundary condition.
This can be computed in $O(N\log(N))$ operations using the FFT, since $$ g = f \star h \qarrq \forall \om, \quad \hat g(\om) = \hat f(\om) \hat h(\om). $$
cconv = (f, h) -> real(plan_ifft((plan_fft(f)*f).*(plan_fft(h)*h))*((plan_fft(f)*f).*(plan_fft(h)*h)));
Define a Gaussian blurring kernel of width $\si$: $$ h_\si(x) = \frac{1}{Z} e^{ -\frac{x_1^2+x_2^2}{2\si^2} }$$ where $Z$ ensure that $\hat h(0)=1$.
# include("NtToolBox/src/ndgrid.jl")
t = [collect(0 : Base.div(n, 2)); collect(-Base.div(n, 2) + 1 : -1)]
(X2, X1) = meshgrid(t, t)
normalize = h -> h./sum(h)
h = sigma -> normalize(exp(-(X1.^2 + X2.^2)./(2*sigma^2)));
Define blurring operator.
blur = (f, sigma) -> cconv(f, h(sigma));
Exercise 1
Test blurring with several blurring size $\si$.
include("NtSolutions/segmentation_1_edge_detection/exo1.jl");