Newton Method¶

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This tour explores the use of the Newton method for the unconstrained optimization of a smooth function

In [2]:

addpath('toolbox_signal')
addpath('toolbox_general')
addpath('solutions/optim_2_newton')

Newton Method for Unconstrained Problems¶

We test here Newton method for the minimization of a 2-D function.

We define a highly anisotropic function, the Rosenbrock function

$$ g(x) = (1-x_1)^2 + 100 (x_2-x_1^2)^2 $$

In [3]:

f = @(x1,x2)(1-x1).^2 + 100*(x2-x1.^2).^2;

The minimum of the function is reached at $x^\star=(1,1)$ and $f(x^\star)=0$.

Evaluate the function on a regular grid.

In [4]:

x1 = linspace(-2,2,150);
x2 = linspace(-.5,3,150);
[X2,X1] = meshgrid(x2,x1);
F = f(X1,X2);

3-D display.

In [5]:

clf; 
surf(x2,x1, F, perform_hist_eq(F, 'linear') ); 
% shading interp;
% camlight;
% axis tight;
% colormap jet;

2-D display (histogram equalization helps to better visualize the iso-contours).

In [6]:

clf;
imageplot( perform_hist_eq(F, 'linear') );
colormap jet(256);

Gradient descent methods, that only use first order (gradient) information about $f$ are not able to efficiently minimize this function because of its high anisotropy.

Define the gradient of $f$ $$ \nabla g(x) = \pa{ \pd{g(x)}{x_1}, \pd{g(x)}{x_2} } = \pa{ 2 (x_1-1) + 400 x_1 (x_1^2-x_2), 200 (x_2-x_1^2) } \in \RR^2. $$

In [7]:

gradf = @(x1,x2)[2*(x1-1) + 400*x1.*(x1.^2-x2); 200*(x2-x1.^2)];
Gradf = @(x)gradf(x(1),x(2));

Compute its Hessian $$ Hf(x) = \begin{pmatrix}$ \frac{\partial^2 g(x)}{\partial x_1^2} & \frac{\partial^2 g(x)}{\partial x_1 \partial x_2} \\ \frac{\partial^2 g(x)}{\partial x_1 \partial x_2} & \frac{\partial^2 g(x)}{\partial x_2^2}$ \end{pmatrix}$ = \begin{pmatrix}$ 2 + 400 (x_1^2-x_2) + 800 x_1^2 & -400 x_1 \\ -400 x_1 & 200 \end{pmatrix} \in \RR^{2 \times 2}$ $$

In [8]:

hessf = @(x1,x2)[2 + 400*(x1.^2-x2) + 800*x1.^2, -400*x1; ...
                -400*x1,  200];
Hessf = @(x)hessf(x(1),x(2));

The Newton descent method starting from some $x^{(0)} \in \RR^2$, $$ x^{(\ell+1)} = x^{(\ell)} - Hf( x^{(\ell)} )^{-1} \nabla f(x^{(\ell)}). $$

Exercise 1

Implement the Newton algorithm. Display the evolution of $f(x^{(\ell)})$ and $\norm{x^{(\ell)}-x^{(+\infty)}}$ during the iterations. isplay

In [9]:

exo1()

In [10]:

%% Insert your code here.

Exercise 2

Display the evolution of $x^{(\ell)}$, from several starting points.

In [11]:

exo2()

In [12]:

%% Insert your code here.

Gradient and Divergence of Images¶

Local differential operators like gradient, divergence and laplacian are the building blocks for variational image processing.

Load an image $g \in \RR^N$ of $N=n \times n$ pixels.

In [13]:

n = 256;
g = rescale( load_image('lena',n) );

Display it.

In [14]:

clf;
imageplot(g);

For continuous functions, the gradient reads $$ \nabla g(x) = \pa{ \pd{g(x)}{x_1}, \pd{g(x)}{x_2} } \in \RR^2. $$ (note that here, the variable $x$ denotes the 2-D spacial position).

We discretize this differential operator using first order finite differences. $$ (\nabla g)_i = ( g_{i_1,i_2}-g_{i_1-1,i_2}, g_{i_1,i_2}-g_{i_1,i_2-1} ) \in \RR^2. $$ Note that for simplity we use periodic boundary conditions.

Compute its gradient, using finite differences.

In [15]:

s = [n 1:n-1];
grad = @(f)cat(3, f-f(s,:), f-f(:,s));

One thus has $ \nabla : \RR^N \mapsto \RR^{N \times 2}. $

In [16]:

v = grad(g);

One can display each of its components.

In [17]:

clf;
imageplot(v(:,:,1), 'd/dx', 1,2,1);
imageplot(v(:,:,2), 'd/dy', 1,2,2);

One can also display it using a color image.

In [18]:

clf; 
imageplot(v);