Install the Transformers, Datasets, and Evaluate libraries to run this notebook.
!pip install datasets evaluate transformers[sentencepiece]
corpus = [
"This is the Hugging Face course.",
"This chapter is about tokenization.",
"This section shows several tokenizer algorithms.",
"Hopefully, you will be able to understand how they are trained and generate tokens.",
]
from transformers import AutoTokenizer
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2")
from collections import defaultdict
word_freqs = defaultdict(int)
for text in corpus:
words_with_offsets = tokenizer.backend_tokenizer.pre_tokenizer.pre_tokenize_str(text)
new_words = [word for word, offset in words_with_offsets]
for word in new_words:
word_freqs[word] += 1
print(word_freqs)
defaultdict(int, {'This': 3, 'Ġis': 2, 'Ġthe': 1, 'ĠHugging': 1, 'ĠFace': 1, 'ĠCourse': 1, '.': 4, 'Ġchapter': 1,
'Ġabout': 1, 'Ġtokenization': 1, 'Ġsection': 1, 'Ġshows': 1, 'Ġseveral': 1, 'Ġtokenizer': 1, 'Ġalgorithms': 1,
'Hopefully': 1, ',': 1, 'Ġyou': 1, 'Ġwill': 1, 'Ġbe': 1, 'Ġable': 1, 'Ġto': 1, 'Ġunderstand': 1, 'Ġhow': 1,
'Ġthey': 1, 'Ġare': 1, 'Ġtrained': 1, 'Ġand': 1, 'Ġgenerate': 1, 'Ġtokens': 1})
alphabet = []
for word in word_freqs.keys():
for letter in word:
if letter not in alphabet:
alphabet.append(letter)
alphabet.sort()
print(alphabet)
[ ',', '.', 'C', 'F', 'H', 'T', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'y', 'z', 'Ġ']
vocab = ["<|endoftext|>"] + alphabet.copy()
splits = {word: [c for c in word] for word in word_freqs.keys()}
def compute_pair_freqs(splits):
pair_freqs = defaultdict(int)
for word, freq in word_freqs.items():
split = splits[word]
if len(split) == 1:
continue
for i in range(len(split) - 1):
pair = (split[i], split[i + 1])
pair_freqs[pair] += freq
return pair_freqs
pair_freqs = compute_pair_freqs(splits)
for i, key in enumerate(pair_freqs.keys()):
print(f"{key}: {pair_freqs[key]}")
if i >= 5:
break
('T', 'h'): 3
('h', 'i'): 3
('i', 's'): 5
('Ġ', 'i'): 2
('Ġ', 't'): 7
('t', 'h'): 3
best_pair = ""
max_freq = None
for pair, freq in pair_freqs.items():
if max_freq is None or max_freq < freq:
best_pair = pair
max_freq = freq
print(best_pair, max_freq)
('Ġ', 't') 7
merges = {("Ġ", "t"): "Ġt"}
vocab.append("Ġt")
def merge_pair(a, b, splits):
for word in word_freqs:
split = splits[word]
if len(split) == 1:
continue
i = 0
while i < len(split) - 1:
if split[i] == a and split[i + 1] == b:
split = split[:i] + [a + b] + split[i + 2 :]
else:
i += 1
splits[word] = split
return splits
splits = merge_pair("Ġ", "t", splits)
print(splits["Ġtrained"])
['Ġt', 'r', 'a', 'i', 'n', 'e', 'd']
vocab_size = 50
while len(vocab) < vocab_size:
pair_freqs = compute_pair_freqs(splits)
best_pair = ""
max_freq = None
for pair, freq in pair_freqs.items():
if max_freq is None or max_freq < freq:
best_pair = pair
max_freq = freq
splits = merge_pair(*best_pair, splits)
merges[best_pair] = best_pair[0] + best_pair[1]
vocab.append(best_pair[0] + best_pair[1])
print(merges)
{('Ġ', 't'): 'Ġt', ('i', 's'): 'is', ('e', 'r'): 'er', ('Ġ', 'a'): 'Ġa', ('Ġt', 'o'): 'Ġto', ('e', 'n'): 'en',
('T', 'h'): 'Th', ('Th', 'is'): 'This', ('o', 'u'): 'ou', ('s', 'e'): 'se', ('Ġto', 'k'): 'Ġtok',
('Ġtok', 'en'): 'Ġtoken', ('n', 'd'): 'nd', ('Ġ', 'is'): 'Ġis', ('Ġt', 'h'): 'Ġth', ('Ġth', 'e'): 'Ġthe',
('i', 'n'): 'in', ('Ġa', 'b'): 'Ġab', ('Ġtoken', 'i'): 'Ġtokeni'}
print(vocab)
['<|endoftext|>', ',', '.', 'C', 'F', 'H', 'T', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'y', 'z', 'Ġ', 'Ġt', 'is', 'er', 'Ġa', 'Ġto', 'en', 'Th', 'This', 'ou', 'se', 'Ġtok', 'Ġtoken', 'nd', 'Ġis', 'Ġth', 'Ġthe', 'in', 'Ġab', 'Ġtokeni']
def tokenize(text):
pre_tokenize_result = tokenizer._tokenizer.pre_tokenizer.pre_tokenize_str(text)
pre_tokenized_text = [word for word, offset in pre_tokenize_result]
splits = [[l for l in word] for word in pre_tokenized_text]
for pair, merge in merges.items():
for idx, split in enumerate(splits):
i = 0
while i < len(split) - 1:
if split[i] == pair[0] and split[i + 1] == pair[1]:
split = split[:i] + [merge] + split[i + 2 :]
else:
i += 1
splits[idx] = split
return sum(splits, [])
tokenize("This is not a token.")
['This', 'Ġis', 'Ġ', 'n', 'o', 't', 'Ġa', 'Ġtoken', '.']