Iterate and apply conditional criteria.
Requirements: Make sure to understand statements as defined in the section on Errors, Logging, and Debugging.
Python provides two basic types of loops to iterate through objects or functions: the for and the while loop statements. Both loop types have additional options and can be combined with conditional statements. Conditional statements evaluate boolean arguments (True/False) using the keywords if: ... else: .... This section introduces the two loop types and conditional statements as integral parts of loops.
if - else)¶Conditional statements open with an if keyword, followed by a test condition (e.g., variable >= 2) and action to accomplish when the test condition is True (boolean test result). The conditional statement can be followed by the elif (else if) and/or else keywords, which represent alternative tests in the case that the if test condition was False. However, when the if statement was True, none of the following statements will be evaluated.
variable_2_test = "ice cream"
if "cream" in variable_2_test:
print("It's creamy, for sure.")
elif "ice" in variable_2_test:
print("It's cold, ice-cold cream.")
else:
print("Anything but ice cream.")
Any operator can be used in the test condition (see operators) and conditions can be nested, too.
The code blocks in the
if-elsestatements are indented and Python uses the indentation to group statements. The same applies to loops, functions, and classes. An IDE automatically indents code, but basic text editors may not do the job. Keep in mind that wrong indentation can be an error source.
number_of_scoops = 3
if number_of_scoops <= 0:
print("Why? How can you?")
elif number_of_scoops < 4:
if number_of_scoops == 1: # this is a nested if-statement
print("One is better than nothing.")
else:
print("That is reasonable.")
else:
print("A lot. Still reasonable. Maybe.")
for-loop¶for loops serve for the sequential iteration through objects such as lists or arrays. for loops can also be complemented with else statements at the end (whyever you would want to do this...).
for e in range(0, 8, 2):
print("e is %d now." % e)
flavors = ["chocolate", "bread", "cherry"]
for index in range(len(flavors)):
print(flavors[index])
else:
print(" --- end of second loop.")
# produces the same
for e in flavors:
print(e)
In many cases, it is useful to iterate not only either on the iteration number (an incrementing integer value) or the elements of a list (e.g., a string value), but both simultaneously. Both the iteration step number and the list elements can be accessed with the enumeration method:
for iteration_step, list_element in enumerate(flavors):
print("The list element {0} is at position number {1}.".format(list_element, str(iteration_step)))
while-loop¶while loops run until a test condition (expression) is met. Similar to the if statement, the test condition can be composed of just one variable or an expression including operators (e.g., while a > b). To modify a variable within a while loop, use += (add amount), -= (subtract amount), *= (multiply with), or /= (divide by). Also whileloops can be complemented with else statements.
Make sure that every
whileloop has abreakstatement. Otherwise, the script may be caught in an endless loop.
count = 10
while (count > 7):
count -= 1
print("Count down %d " % count)
else:
print("Mission aborted.")
count = 0
while True:
print("Count up: %d " % count)
count += 1 # Replaces count = count + 1 - also works with -=, *= and /=
if count > 3:
break
Use this code block to practice with data types, for loops and conditional if statements by modifying the variables scoops and favorite_flavor. Note the implementation of try and except statements ensures that whatever number of scoops or favorite_flavor you define will not crash the script.
scoops = 2 # re-define the number of sccops
favorite_flavor = "vanilla" # choose your favorite flavor
size_scoops = {1: "small", 2: "medium", 3: "this is too much ice cream"}
price_scoops = {1: "3 dollars", 2: "5 dollars", 3: "your health"}
print("Hi,\nI want %d scoop-s in a waffle, please." % scoops)
try:
size = " " + str(size_scoops[scoops])
price = str(price_scoops[scoops])
except ValueError:
size = "n unavailable number of scoops"
price = "not defined"
print("My pleasure to serve you. You have chosen a" + size + " ice cream. The price is " + price + ".")
print("Let me guess your favorite flavor. Say stop when I \'m correct.")
for f in flavors:
print("I guess your favorite flavor is %s." % f)
if f == favorite_flavor:
print("Stop, that\'s it!")
if f == "bread":
print("Sorry, this is not a bakery.")
break
Exercise: Practice the application of loops with the Hydraulics (1d) exercise.