Let's get some JSON data from the web - both a point layer and a polygon GeoJson dataset with some population data.

In [1]:

import geopandas


states = geopandas.read_file(
    "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PublicaMundi/MappingAPI/master/data/geojson/us-states.json",
    driver="GeoJSON",
)

cities = geopandas.read_file(
    "https://d2ad6b4ur7yvpq.cloudfront.net/naturalearth-3.3.0/ne_50m_populated_places_simple.geojson",
    driver="GeoJSON",
)

And take a look at what our data looks like:

In [2]:

states.describe()

Out[2]:

	density
count	52.000000
mean	402.504404
std	1395.100812
min	1.264000
25%	53.440000
50%	100.335000
75%	234.050000
max	10065.000000

Look how far the minimum and maximum values for the density are from the top and bottom quartile breakpoints! We have some outliers in our data that are well outside the meat of most of the distribution. Let's look into this to find the culprits within the sample.

In [3]:

states_sorted = states.sort_values(by="density", ascending=False)

states_sorted.head(5).append(states_sorted.tail(5))[["name", "density"]]

Out[3]:

	name	density
8	District of Columbia	10065.000
30	New Jersey	1189.000
51	Puerto Rico	1082.000
39	Rhode Island	1006.000
21	Massachusetts	840.200
31	New Mexico	17.160
34	North Dakota	9.916
26	Montana	6.858
50	Wyoming	5.851
1	Alaska	1.264

Looks like Washington D.C. and Alaska were the culprits on each end of the range. Washington was more dense than the next most dense state, New Jersey, than the least dense state, Alaska was from Wyoming, however. Washington D.C. has a has a relatively small land area for the amount of people that live there, so it makes sense that it's pretty dense. And Alaska has a lot of land area, but not much of it is habitable for humans.

However, we're looking at all of the states in the US to look at things on a more regional level. That high figure at the top of our range for Washington D.C. will really hinder the ability for us to differentiate between the other states, so let's account for that in the min and max values for our color scale, by getting the quantile values close to the end of the range. Anything higher or lower than those values will just fall into the 'highest' and 'lowest' bins for coloring.

In [4]:

def rd2(x):
    return round(x, 2)

minimum, maximum = states["density"].quantile([0.05, 0.95]).apply(rd2)

mean = round(states["density"].mean(), 2)

print(f"minimum: {minimum}", f"maximum: {maximum}", f"Mean: {mean}", sep="\n\n")

minimum: 8.54

maximum: 1040.2

Mean: 402.5

This looks better. Our min and max values for the colorscale are much closer to the mean value now. Let's run with these values, and make a colorscale. I'm just going to use a sequential light-to-dark color palette from the ColorBrewer.

In [5]:

import branca


colormap = branca.colormap.LinearColormap(
    colors=["#f2f0f7", "#cbc9e2", "#9e9ac8", "#756bb1", "#54278f"],
    index=states["density"].quantile([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8]),
    vmin=minimum,
    vmax=maximum,
)

colormap.caption = "Population Density in the United States"

colormap

Out[5]:

Let's narrow down these cities to United states cities, by using GeoPandas' spatial join functionality between two GeoDataFrame objects, using the Point 'within' Polygon functionality.

In [6]:

us_cities = geopandas.sjoin(cities, states, how="inner", predicate="within")

pop_ranked_cities = us_cities.sort_values(by="pop_max", ascending=False)[
    ["nameascii", "pop_max", "geometry"]
].iloc[:20]

Ok, now we have a new GeoDataFrame with our top 20 populated cities. Let's see the top 5.

In [7]:

pop_ranked_cities.head(5)

Out[7]:

	nameascii	pop_max	geometry
1224	New York	19040000	POINT (-73.98196 40.75192)
1222	Los Angeles	12500000	POINT (-118.18193 33.99192)
1186	Chicago	8990000	POINT (-87.75200 41.83194)
1184	Miami	5585000	POINT (-80.22605 25.78956)
1076	Philadelphia	5492000	POINT (-75.17194 40.00192)

Alright, let's build a map!

In [8]:

import folium
from folium.plugins import Search


m = folium.Map(location=[38, -97], zoom_start=4)


def style_function(x):
    return {
        "fillColor": colormap(x["properties"]["density"]),
        "color": "black",
        "weight": 2,
        "fillOpacity": 0.5,
    }


stategeo = folium.GeoJson(
    states,
    name="US States",
    style_function=style_function,
    tooltip=folium.GeoJsonTooltip(
        fields=["name", "density"], aliases=["State", "Density"], localize=True
    ),
).add_to(m)

citygeo = folium.GeoJson(
    pop_ranked_cities,
    name="US Cities",
    tooltip=folium.GeoJsonTooltip(
        fields=["nameascii", "pop_max"], aliases=["", "Population Max"], localize=True
    ),
).add_to(m)

statesearch = Search(
    layer=stategeo,
    geom_type="Polygon",
    placeholder="Search for a US State",
    collapsed=False,
    search_label="name",
    weight=3,
).add_to(m)

citysearch = Search(
    layer=citygeo,
    geom_type="Point",
    placeholder="Search for a US City",
    collapsed=True,
    search_label="nameascii",
).add_to(m)

folium.LayerControl().add_to(m)
colormap.add_to(m)

m

Out[8]:

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