The use of προσκυνέω (Nestle1904GBI)¶
1 - Introduction ¶
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In this Jupyter NoteBook we will examine the use of lemma προσκυνέω in the Greek New Testament.
1.1 - Why is this relevant? ¶
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There is an ongoing debate whether προσκυνέω must mean "worship" in a divine sense, especialy when it refers to Jesus or God. The word can refer to homage or respect given to people in authority (see also entry in Liddel-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexion). So verses that refer to Jesus receiving προσκυνέω may not always prove worship of him as God. The meaning depends on context.
1.2 - Translating into Text-Fabric queries ¶
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The following examples gather data related to the use of προσκυνέω using various methods and present the results in different ways.
2 - Load Text-Fabric app and data ¶
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In [4]:
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
In [5]:
# Loading the Text-Fabric code
# Note: it is assumed Text-Fabric is installed in your environment
from tf.fabric import Fabric
from tf.app import use
In [6]:
# load the N1904 app and data
N1904 = use ("tonyjurg/Nestle1904GBI", version="0.4", hoist=globals())
Locating corpus resources ...
app: ~/text-fabric-data/github/tonyjurg/Nestle1904GBI/app
data: ~/text-fabric-data/github/tonyjurg/Nestle1904GBI/tf/0.4
Text-Fabric: Text-Fabric API 11.4.10, tonyjurg/Nestle1904GBI/app v3, Search Reference
Data: tonyjurg - Nestle1904GBI 0.4, Character table, Feature docs
Sets: no custom sets
Features:
Data: tonyjurg - Nestle1904GBI 0.4, Character table, Feature docs
Node types
| Name | # of nodes | # slots/node | % coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| book | 27 | 5102.93 | 100 |
| chapter | 260 | 529.92 | 100 |
| sentence | 5720 | 24.09 | 100 |
| verse | 7943 | 17.35 | 100 |
| clause | 16124 | 8.54 | 100 |
| phrase | 72674 | 1.90 | 100 |
| word | 137779 | 1.00 | 100 |
Features:
Nestle 1904 (GBI nodes)
Text-Fabric API: names N F E L T S C TF directly usable
In [7]:
# The following will push the Text-Fabric stylesheet to this notebook (to facilitate proper display with notebook viewer)
N1904.dh(N1904.getCss())
3 - Performing the queries ¶
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3.1 - Determine the renderings of προσκυνέω ¶
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This code will produce a list of occurrences of the lemma 'προσκυνέω' along with their accompanying gloss.
In [8]:
# Library to format table
from tabulate import tabulate
# Gather the results
Results=[]
for node in F.lemma.s('προσκυνέω'):
# Following line creates a nicely formated presentation of the verse
location="{} {}:{}".format(F.book.v(node),F.chapter.v(node),F.verse.v(node))
result=(location,F.word.v(node),F.gloss.v(node))
Results.append(result)
# Produce the table
headers = ["location","word","gloss"]
print(tabulate(Results, headers=headers, tablefmt='fancy_grid'))
╒═════════════════════╤══════════════════╤═════════════════════════╕ │ location │ word │ gloss │ ╞═════════════════════╪══════════════════╪═════════════════════════╡ │ Matthew 2:2 │ προσκυνῆσαι │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 2:8 │ προσκυνήσω │ may worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 2:11 │ προσεκύνησαν │ they worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 4:9 │ προσκυνήσῃς │ You will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 4:10 │ προσκυνήσεις │ you shall worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 8:2 │ προσεκύνει │ was worshipping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 9:18 │ προσεκύνει │ was kneeling down │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 14:33 │ προσεκύνησαν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 15:25 │ προσεκύνει │ she was worshiping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 18:26 │ προσεκύνει │ was bowing on his knees │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 20:20 │ προσκυνοῦσα │ kneeling down │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 28:9 │ προσεκύνησαν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Matthew 28:17 │ προσεκύνησαν │ they worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Mark 5:6 │ προσεκύνησεν │ fell on his knees │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Mark 15:19 │ προσεκύνουν │ they were kneeling down │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Luke 4:7 │ προσκυνήσῃς │ You will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Luke 4:8 │ Προσκυνήσεις │ You shall worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Luke 24:52 │ [[προσκυνήσαντες │ having worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:20 │ προσεκύνησαν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:20 │ προσκυνεῖν │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:21 │ προσκυνήσετε │ will you worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:22 │ προσκυνεῖτε │ worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:22 │ προσκυνοῦμεν │ worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:23 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:23 │ προσκυνοῦντας │ worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:24 │ προσκυνοῦντας │ worshiping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 4:24 │ προσκυνεῖν │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 9:38 │ προσεκύνησεν │ he worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ John 12:20 │ προσκυνήσωσιν │ they might worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Acts 7:43 │ προσκυνεῖν │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Acts 8:27 │ προσκυνήσων │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Acts 10:25 │ προσεκύνησεν │ worshiped [him] │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Acts 24:11 │ προσκυνήσων │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ I_Corinthians 14:25 │ προσκυνήσει │ he will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Hebrews 1:6 │ προσκυνησάτωσαν │ let worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Hebrews 11:21 │ προσεκύνησεν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 3:9 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 4:10 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ they will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 5:14 │ προσεκύνησαν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 7:11 │ προσεκύνησαν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 9:20 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 11:1 │ προσκυνοῦντας │ worshiping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 11:16 │ προσεκύνησαν │ worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 13:4 │ προσεκύνησαν │ they worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 13:4 │ προσεκύνησαν │ they worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 13:8 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 13:12 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ they will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 13:15 │ προσκυνήσωσιν │ would worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 14:7 │ προσκυνήσατε │ worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 14:9 │ προσκυνεῖ │ worships │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 14:11 │ προσκυνοῦντες │ worshiping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 15:4 │ προσκυνήσουσιν │ will worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 16:2 │ προσκυνοῦντας │ worshiping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 19:4 │ προσεκύνησαν │ they worshiped │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 19:10 │ προσκυνῆσαι │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 19:10 │ προσκύνησον │ worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 19:20 │ προσκυνοῦντας │ worshiping │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 20:4 │ προσεκύνησαν │ │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 22:8 │ προσκυνῆσαι │ to worship │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤ │ Revelation 22:9 │ προσκύνησον │ worship │ ╘═════════════════════╧══════════════════╧═════════════════════════╛
3.2 - Alternative way of coding ¶
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Note that the the following line of code in previous example:
for node in F.lemma.s('προσκυνέω'):
{rest of the code}
is functionaly equivalent to this three line of code:
for node in F.otype.s('word'):
lemma=F.lemma.v(node)
if lemma == 'προσκυνέω':
{rest of the code}
3.3 - Using a search template ¶
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The same selection can also be made using a search template. Note that the number of results (56) differs from the previous code(59). The reasone is that here the selection is on clause and in the previous code on words. (John 4:23&24 and Revelation 13:4 and 19:10 have duplicate occurances of lemma προσκυνέω).
In [9]:
SearchWorship = '''
book
chapter
verse
clause
word lemma=προσκυνέω gloss
'''
# This will create a list containing ordered tuples consisting of node numbers of the items as they appear in the query
WorshipList = N1904.search(SearchWorship)
0.15s 56 results
The resulting data (stored in WorshipList) can be further processed. For example to print the first 5 occurences in a table:
In [10]:
N1904.table(WorshipList, condensed=True, end=5)
| n | p | verse | word | clause |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matthew 2:2 | προσκυνῆσαι | εἴδομεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ καὶ ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ. | |
| 2 | Matthew 2:8 | προσκυνήσω | ὅπως κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν προσκυνήσω αὐτῷ. | |
| 3 | Matthew 2:11 | καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, | προσεκύνησαν | |
| 4 | Matthew 4:9 | ἐὰν πεσὼν προσκυνήσῃς μοι. | προσκυνήσῃς | |
| 5 | Matthew 4:10 | προσκυνήσεις | Σατανᾶ· γέγραπται γάρ Κύριον τὸν θεόν σου προσκυνήσεις καὶ αὐτῷ μόνῳ λατρεύσεις. |
3.4 - What is being 'προσκυνέω-ed'? ¶
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A more interesting query is to print all occurences of the lemma προσκυνέω while adding the object of προσκυνέω.
This query is using a number of Locality functions from the Text-Fabric API. The following diagram shows the concept.
In [13]:
for node in F.lemma.s('προσκυνέω'):
gloss=F.gloss.v(node)
# Following line creates a nicely formated presentation of the verse
location="{} {}:{}".format(F.book.v(node),F.chapter.v(node),F.verse.v(node))
print('\n',location)
# This finds the parrent clause
ParrentClause= L.u(node,'clause')[0]
# Create a list of phrases included in the ParrentClause
PhraseList=L.d(ParrentClause,'phrase')
for phrase in PhraseList:
# check for the phrase containing the object
object_text=object_gloss=''
if F.phrasefunction.v(phrase)=='O':
WordList=L.d(phrase, 'word')
for word in WordList:
object_text=object_text+F.word.v(word)+' '
object_gloss=object_gloss+F.gloss.v(word)+' '
break
# print the result
print('\tGreek:',F.word.v(node),' - ',object_text,'\n\tGloss:',F.gloss.v(node),' - ',object_gloss)
Matthew 2:2 Greek: προσκυνῆσαι - αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα Gloss: to worship - of Him the star Matthew 2:8 Greek: προσκυνήσω - αὐτῷ Gloss: may worship - Him Matthew 2:11 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - καὶ Gloss: they worshiped - and Matthew 4:9 Greek: προσκυνήσῃς - μοι Gloss: You will worship - me Matthew 4:10 Greek: προσκυνήσεις - Κύριον τὸν θεόν σου Gloss: you shall worship - [The] Lord the God of you Matthew 8:2 Greek: προσεκύνει - αὐτῷ Gloss: was worshipping - Him Matthew 9:18 Greek: προσεκύνει - Ταῦτα Gloss: was kneeling down - These things Matthew 14:33 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - αὐτῷ Gloss: worshiped - Him Matthew 15:25 Greek: προσεκύνει - αὐτῷ Gloss: she was worshiping - Him Matthew 18:26 Greek: προσεκύνει - αὐτῷ Gloss: was bowing on his knees - to him Matthew 20:20 Greek: προσκυνοῦσα - τι Gloss: kneeling down - something Matthew 28:9 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας καὶ Gloss: worshiped - His - feet and Matthew 28:17 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - αὐτὸν Gloss: they worshiped - Him Mark 5:6 Greek: προσεκύνησεν - τὸν Ἰησοῦν Gloss: fell on his knees - - Jesus Mark 15:19 Greek: προσεκύνουν - καὶ Gloss: they were kneeling down - and Luke 4:7 Greek: προσκυνήσῃς - ὅτι Gloss: You will worship - for Luke 4:8 Greek: Προσκυνήσεις - Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου καὶ αὐτῷ μόνῳ Gloss: You shall worship - [the] Lord - God of You and Him only Luke 24:52 Greek: [[προσκυνήσαντες - αὐτὸν]] Gloss: having worshiped - Him John 4:20 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - Gloss: worshiped - John 4:20 Greek: προσκυνεῖν - Gloss: to worship - John 4:21 Greek: προσκυνήσετε - τῷ Πατρί Gloss: will you worship - the Father John 4:22 Greek: προσκυνεῖτε - ὃ Gloss: worship - what John 4:22 Greek: προσκυνοῦμεν - ὃ Gloss: worship - what John 4:23 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - τῷ Πατρὶ Gloss: will worship - the Father John 4:23 Greek: προσκυνοῦντας - τῷ Πατρὶ Gloss: worship - the Father John 4:24 Greek: προσκυνοῦντας - Gloss: worshiping - John 4:24 Greek: προσκυνεῖν - Gloss: to worship - John 9:38 Greek: προσεκύνησεν - αὐτῷ Gloss: he worshiped - Him John 12:20 Greek: προσκυνήσωσιν - Gloss: they might worship - Acts 7:43 Greek: προσκυνεῖν - τοὺς τύπους οὓς Gloss: to worship - the images that Acts 8:27 Greek: προσκυνήσων - Gloss: to worship - Acts 10:25 Greek: προσεκύνησεν - αὐτῷ Gloss: worshiped [him] - him Acts 24:11 Greek: προσκυνήσων - Gloss: to worship - I_Corinthians 14:25 Greek: προσκυνήσει - τῷ Θεῷ Gloss: he will worship - - God Hebrews 1:6 Greek: προσκυνησάτωσαν - αὐτῷ Gloss: let worship - Him Hebrews 11:21 Greek: προσεκύνησεν - Gloss: worshiped - Revelation 3:9 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - αὐτοὺς ἵνα Gloss: will worship - them that Revelation 4:10 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - τῷ Gloss: they will worship - the [One] Revelation 5:14 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - Gloss: worshiped - Revelation 7:11 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - τῷ Θεῷ Gloss: worshiped - - God Revelation 9:20 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - τὰ δαιμόνια καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα τὰ χρυσᾶ καὶ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ καὶ τὰ χαλκᾶ καὶ τὰ λίθινα καὶ τὰ ξύλινα Gloss: - Revelation 11:1 Greek: προσκυνοῦντας - τὸν ναὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ τοὺς Gloss: worshiping - the temple - of God and the altar and those Revelation 11:16 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - τῷ Θεῷ Gloss: worshiped - - God Revelation 13:4 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - τῷ δράκοντι ὅτι Gloss: they worshiped - the dragon who Revelation 13:4 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - τῷ θηρίῳ Gloss: they worshiped - the beast Revelation 13:8 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - αὐτὸν Gloss: will worship - it Revelation 13:12 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς Gloss: they will worship - the earth and those Revelation 13:15 Greek: προσκυνήσωσιν - τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου Gloss: would worship - the image of the beast Revelation 14:7 Greek: προσκυνήσατε - τῷ Gloss: worship - the [One] Revelation 14:9 Greek: προσκυνεῖ - Καὶ Gloss: worships - And Revelation 14:11 Greek: προσκυνοῦντες - ἀνάπαυσιν Gloss: worshiping - rest Revelation 15:4 Greek: προσκυνήσουσιν - Gloss: will worship - Revelation 16:2 Greek: προσκυνοῦντας - τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ Gloss: worshiping - the bowl of him Revelation 19:4 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - τῷ Θεῷ τῷ Gloss: they worshiped - - God the [One] Revelation 19:10 Greek: προσκυνῆσαι - αὐτῷ Gloss: to worship - to him Revelation 19:10 Greek: προσκύνησον - καὶ Gloss: worship - And Revelation 19:20 Greek: προσκυνοῦντας - τοὺς Gloss: worshiping - those Revelation 20:4 Greek: προσεκύνησαν - τὸ θηρίον οὐδὲ τὴν εἰκόνα αὐτοῦ καὶ Gloss: - Revelation 22:8 Greek: προσκυνῆσαι - ταῦτα Gloss: to worship - these things Revelation 22:9 Greek: προσκύνησον - καὶ Gloss: worship - And
3.5 - Pie chart showing the renderings ¶
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The next code generates a pie diagram showing the distribution of renderings of the word προσκυνέω. The grouping is basicly along 'kneeling' and 'worshipping'. When the rendering does not match one of these, it is counted as 'other'. In terms of coding, in this example, we first import the matplotlib.pyplot module from library matplotlib. Then, we define the data for our pie chart: labels and results. Additionally, a legend will be included.
In [15]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
worship=knee=other=0
# This section can also be implemented using a different method (see below)
for node in F.otype.s('word'):
lemma=F.lemma.v(node)
if lemma == 'προσκυνέω':
gloss=F.gloss.v(node)
if 'worship' in gloss:
worship+=1
else:
if 'knee' in gloss:
knee+=1
else:
other+=1
# Dataset for the plot
labels = ['Worship', 'Kneeling', 'Other']
results = [worship, knee, other]
# create the pie chart with percentage and number of occurances
explode = [0.1,0.1,0.1] # To slice the perticuler section
plt.pie(results,
labels=labels,
explode = explode,
autopct=lambda pct: f'{pct:.1f}%\n({int(pct / 100 * sum(results)+0.5)})',
# The addition of 0.5 in the lambda function is to prevent rounding errors by the int() function.
textprops={'color': 'black'})
# add a title to the pie chart
plt.title('Renderings of προσκυνέω')
# Add a legend to the pie chart
plt.legend(title="English renderings",
loc="center left",
bbox_to_anchor=(1.5, 0, 1, 1))
# Show plot
plt.show()
Alternatively the first part of this section could be implemented by means of a search function:
In [16]:
# Define the query template
ProskuneoQuery = '''
word lemma=προσκυνέω
'''
# This will create a list containing ordered tuples consisting of node numbers of the items as they appear in the query
ProskuneoResult = N1904.search(ProskuneoQuery)
worship=knee=other=0
for NodeTuple in ProskuneoResult:
# The query result will be a list of node tuple. Hence we need to add index [0].
gloss=F.gloss.v(NodeTuple[0])
if 'worship' in gloss:
worship+=1
else:
if 'knee' in gloss:
knee+=1
else:
other+=1
# Print to compare the results
print ('worship=',worship,' knee=',knee,' other=',other)
0.09s 60 results worship= 53 knee= 5 other= 2
5 - Required libraries ¶
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The scripts in this notebook require (beside text-fabric) the following Python libraries to be installed in the environment:
tabulate
matplotlib
You can install any missing library from within Jupyter Notebook using eitherpip or pip3.