tup = 4, 5, 6

nested_tup = (4, 5, 6), (7, 8)

tup = tuple('string')

tup = tuple(['foo', [1, 2], True])

tup[1].append(3)

tup = (4, 5, 6)

a, b, c = tup

tup = (4, 5, (6, 7))

a, b, (c, d) = tup

a = (1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2)

a_list = [2, 3, 7, None]

tup = ('foo', 'bar', 'baz')

b_list = list(tup)

b_list.append('dwarf')

b_list.insert(1, 'red')

b_list.append('apple')

b_list.remove('apple')

b_list.remove('bar')

a_list.extend(b_list)

a = [7, 2, 5, 1, 3]

a.sort()

b = ['saw', 'small', 'he']

b.sort(key = len)

import bisect

c = [1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 7]

bisect.insort(c, 6)

bisect.insort(c, 100)

seq = [7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 5, 1, 0]

seq[3: 4] = [6, 3]

some_list = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']

mapping = dict((v, i) for i, v in enumerate(some_list))

seq.sort()

seq1 = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']

seq2 = ['one', 'two', 'three']

seq3 = [False, True]

pitchers = [('Nolan', 'Ryan'), ('Roger', 'Clemens'), ('Schiling', 'Curt')]

first_name, last_name = zip(*pitchers)

empty_dict = {}

a = {'a': 'some_value', 'b': [1, 2, 3, 4]}

a[7] = 'an integer'

a[5] = 'some_value'

del a[5]

a.update({'b': 'foo', 'c': 12})

mapping = dict(zip(range(5), list(reversed(range(5)))))

words = ['apple', 'bat', 'bar', 'atom', 'book']

by_letters = {}

for word in words:
    letter = word[0]
    if letter not in by_letters:
        by_letters[letter] = [word]
    else:
        by_letters[letter].append(word)

a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

b = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

a |= b

a |= {'apple'}

strings = ['a', 'as', 'bat', 'car', 'dove', 'python']

unique_length = {len(x) for x in strings}

loc_mapping = {val: index for index, val in enumerate(strings)}

loc_mapping = dict((index, val) for val, index in enumerate(strings))

all_data = [['Tom', 'Billy', 'Jefferson', 'Andrew', 'Wesley', 'Steven', 'Joe'],
            ['Susie', 'Casey', 'Jill', 'Ana', 'Eva', 'Jennifer', 'Stephanie']]

name_of_interest = []
for names in all_data:
    enough_us = [name for name in names if name.count('e') >= 2]
    name_of_interest.extend(enough_us)

result = [name for name in names for names in all_data if name.count('e') >= 2]

some_tuples = [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)]

flattended = [x for tup in some_tuples for x in tup]

fla_2 = [[x for x in tup] for tup in some_tuples]

def my_function(x, y, z=1.5):
    if z>1:
        return z * (x + y)
    else:
        return z / (x + y)

def func():
    a = []
    for i in range(5):
        a.append(i)

a = []
def func():
    for i in range(5):
        a.append(i)

a = None

def bind_a_value():
    global a
    a = []
    bind_a_variable()

def outer_function(x, y, z):
    def inner_function(a, b, c):
        pass
    pass

def f():
    a = 5
    b = 6
    c = 7
    return a, b, c

a, b, c = f()

def f():
    a = 5
    b = 6
    c = 7
    return {'a': a, 'b': b, 'c': c}

states = ['Alabama', 'Georgia!', 'Georgia', 'georgia', 'FLOrida',
          'south   carolina##', 'West viginia?']

import re

def clean_strings(strings):
    result = []
    for value in strings:
        value = value.strip()
        value = re.sub('[!#?]', '', value)
        value = value.title()
        result.append(value)
    return result

def remove_punctuation(value):
    return re.sub('[!#?]', '', value)

clean_ops = [str.strip, remove_punctuation, str.title]

def clean_strings(strings, ops):
    result = []
    for value in strings:
        for function in clean_ops:
            value = function(value)
        result.append(value)
    return result

def short_func(x):
    return x*2

equal_anno = lambda x: x*2

def apply_to_list(some_list, f):
    return [f(x) for x in some_list]

ints = [4, 1, 0, 5, 7]

strings = ['foo', 'bar', 'card', 'aaaa', 'abab']

strings.sort(key = lambda x: len(set(list(strings))))

strings.sort(key = lambda x: len(set(strings)))

def make_closure(a):
    def closure():
        print 'I know the secret: %d' %a
    return closure

closure = make_closure(5)

def make_watcher():
    have_seen = {}
    
    def has_been_seen(x):
        if x in have_seen:
            return True
        else:
            have_seen[x] = True
            return False
    return has_been_seen

watcher = make_watcher()

vals = [5, 6, 1, 5, 6, 3, 5]

def make_counter():
    count = [0]
    def counter():
        count[0] += 1
        return count[0]
    return counter

counter = make_counter()

def format_and_pad(template, space):
    def formatter(x):
        return (template % x).rjust(space)
    
    return formatter

def say_hello_then_call_f(f, *args, **kwargs):
    print 'args is ', args
    print 'kwargs is ', kwargs
    print 'Hello, Now I\'m going to call %s.' %f
    return f(*args, **kwargs)

def g(x, y, z = 1):
    return (x + y)/z

def add_numbers(x, y):
    return x + y

add_five = lambda y: add_numbers(5, y)

from functools import partial
add_six = partial(add_numbers, 6)

import pandas

some_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

def squares(n = 10):
    for i in xrange(1, n + 1):
        print 'Generating squares from 1 to %d' %(i**2)
        yield i**2

gen = squares()

def make_change(amount, coins = [1, 5, 10, 25], hand = None):
    hand = [] if hand is None else hand
    if amount == 0:
        yield hand
    for coin in coins:
        if coin > amount or (len(hand) > 0 and hand[-1] < coin):
            continue
            
        for result in make_change(amount - coin, coins = coins, hand = hand + [coin]):
            yield result

gen = (x**2 for x in xrange(100))

def _make_gen():
    for x in xrange(100):
        yield x**2
gen = _make_gen()

import itertools

first_letter = lambda x: x[0]

names = ['Alan', 'Adam', 'Wes', 'Will', 'Albert', 'Steven']

path = 'ch13/segismundo.txt'

f = open(path)

lines = [x.rstrip() for x in open(path)]

with open('tem.txt', 'w') as handle:
    handle.writelines(x for x in open(path) if len(x) > 1)