# Bloch-Redfield Solver: Dissipative Atom-Cavity system¶

Author: C. Staufenbiel (2022)

with inspirations from the brmesolve notebook by P.D. Nation.

### Introduction¶

This notebook does not introduce the usage of the Bloch-Redfield solver qutip.brmesolve() in detail. For a more detailed introduction to this solver see the Bloch-Redfield Solver: Two Level System notebook and the documentation of the function.

The Lindblad master equation solver, implemented in qutip.mesolve(), deals with dissipation using collapse operators which can act on subsystems of the general system. For example, we can define dissipation for the atom-cavity system for the cavity and the atom separately, by the corresponding annihilation operator. In this example, we will see the limitations of this approach when it comes to strong coupling between atom and cavity.

For this example we will use the following Rabi Hamiltonian:

$$H = \omega_0 a^\dagger a + \omega_0 \sigma_+ \sigma_- + g(a^\dagger + a)(\sigma_- + \sigma_+)$$

We will vary the coupling strength $g$ and compare the results from qutip.mesolve() and qutip.brmesolve().

### Imports¶

In [1]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from qutip import (about, basis, brmesolve, destroy, identity, ket2dm, mesolve,
plot_energy_levels, plot_expectation_values, tensor)

%matplotlib inline


Here we setup as system of a atom-cavity interaction with dissipation to a bath.

In [2]:
N = 10  # num. cavity modes

# operators
a = tensor(destroy(N), identity(2))
sm = tensor(identity(N), destroy(2))

# expectation operators
e_ops = [a.dag() * a, sm.dag() * sm]

# initial state
psi0 = ket2dm(tensor(basis(N, 1), basis(2, 0)))


In the following we setup the frequencies and coupling strength for the atom-cavity system and define the dissipation to the environment. Here we only consider a leaky cavity, i.e. losses to the environment only from the cavity and not from the atom.

In [3]:
w0 = 1.0 * 2 * np.pi
g_weak = 0.1 * 2 * np.pi
g_strong = 0.75 * 2 * np.pi
kappa = 0.05

# collapse operators (for mesolve)
c_ops = [np.sqrt(kappa) * a]
# noise power spectrum (for brmesolve)
a_ops = [[(a + a.dag()), lambda w: kappa * (w > 0)]]

# Hamiltonians
H_no = w0 * a.dag() * a + w0 * sm.dag() * sm
H_weak = w0 * a.dag() * a + w0 * sm.dag() * sm + \
g_weak * (a + a.dag()) * (sm + sm.dag())
H_strong = w0 * a.dag() * a + w0 * sm.dag() * sm + \
g_strong * (a + a.dag()) * (sm + sm.dag())


We now solve the dynamics of the atom-cavity interaction using qutip.mesolve and qutip.brmesolve for the two different coupling strengths.

### Weak coupling¶

In [4]:
# times for simulation
times = np.linspace(0, 10 * 2 * np.pi / g_weak, 1000)
# simulation
result_me_weak = mesolve(H_weak, psi0, times, c_ops, e_ops)
result_brme_weak = brmesolve(H_weak, psi0, times, a_ops, e_ops)
plot_expectation_values(
[result_me_weak, result_brme_weak],
ylabels=["<n_cav>", "<n_atom>"],
show_legend=True,
);


For the weak coupling strength between atom and cavity we obtain similar results from Lindblad master equation solver qutip.mesolve and the Bloch-Redfield solver qutip.brmesolve.

### Strong coupling¶

In [5]:
# times for simulation
times = np.linspace(0, 10 * 2 * np.pi / g_strong, 1000)
# simulation
result_me_strong = mesolve(H_strong, psi0, times, c_ops, e_ops)
result_brme_strong = brmesolve(H_strong, psi0, times, a_ops, e_ops)
plot_expectation_values(
[result_me_strong, result_brme_strong],
ylabels=["<n_cav>", "<n_atom>"],
show_legend=True,
);


In the strong coupling regime there are differences in the solution of the two solvers. This is due to the fact that the eigenstates of the system with strong coupling have contributions from atom and the cavity system, i.e. hybridized eigenstates. The Lindbladian master equation solver assumes that the dissipation of a subsystem, here losses in the cavity, does not affect the state of the other subsystem, here the atom. However, for the strongly coupled Hamiltonian this is not true anymore and the dissipation leads to transitions between eigenstates of the coupled system, i.e. also affects the atomic state. By definition the Bloch-Redfield solver takes this hybridization into account and yields the more accurate result for such systems.

We can see this hybridization of the eigenstates from the energy levels. In the system without any interaction, both the atom and the cavity have the same energy levels as we defined them with the similar frequency w_0. For weak interaction the energy levels split up by a small constant, but do not mix up. For strong coupling the energy levels from originally different states bunch together and show the mixing contribution of atom and cavity to the systems eigenstates.

In [6]:
plot_energy_levels([H_no, H_weak, H_strong],
labels=["no coupling", "weak", "strong"]);


### Non-secular solution¶

The qutip.brmesolve() function automatically uses the secular approximation, i.e. assumes that all fast-oscillating terms in the Hamiltonian can be neglected. However, this approximation is not necessary for the Bloch-Redfield solver and this option can be deactived by setting use_secular=False in the arguments. This setting can be useful in some simulations. For the above example of strongly coupled atom-cavity system, dropping the approximation does not change the solution by much.

In [7]:
result_brme_nonsec = brmesolve(H_strong, psi0, times, a_ops,
e_ops, use_secular=False)
plot_expectation_values([result_brme_strong, result_brme_nonsec],
ylabels=["<n_cav>", "<n_atom>"], show_legend=True);


### Trace of states¶

The Lindbladian Master Equation approach guarantees that the density matrix follows a physical evolution, i.e. the evolution is trace and positivity preserving (up to numerical precision).

A down-side of the Bloch-Redfield solver is that it does not guarantee this physical evolution. Hence the trace of the resulting density matrix can vary. Below we plot the trace of the density matrices for the evolution of the weakly coupled system. The trace of the Bloch-Redfield density matrices slightly deviates from the expected trace $1$ (here: in the range of $10^{-12}$ ). This small deviation was not a problem for the simulation above, but can become a problem for other systems.

Note that the scale of the y-axis is automatically shifted by $+1$ and scaled by $10^{-12}$, which results in the expected trace plotted at $y = 0.0$.

In [8]:
# calculate states for weak coupling
me_states = mesolve(H_weak, psi0, times, c_ops, e_ops=[])
brme_states = brmesolve(H_weak, psi0, times, a_ops, e_ops=[])
# plot the traces and expected trace
plt.axhline(1.0, label="expected trace", c="red", linestyle="--")
plt.plot(times, [state.tr() for state in brme_states.states], label="brme")
plt.plot(times, [state.tr() for state in me_states.states], label="me")
plt.legend(), plt.xlabel("Time"), plt.ylabel("Trace of states");


In [9]:
about()

QuTiP: Quantum Toolbox in Python
================================
Copyright (c) QuTiP team 2011 and later.
Current admin team: Alexander Pitchford, Nathan Shammah, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Neill Lambert, Eric Giguère, Boxi Li, Jake Lishman, Simon Cross and Asier Galicia.
Board members: Daniel Burgarth, Robert Johansson, Anton F. Kockum, Franco Nori and Will Zeng.
Original developers: R. J. Johansson & P. D. Nation.
Currently developed through wide collaboration. See https://github.com/qutip for details.

QuTiP Version:      4.7.1.dev0+9098716
Numpy Version:      1.22.4
Scipy Version:      1.8.1
Cython Version:     0.29.32
Matplotlib Version: 3.5.2
Python Version:     3.10.4
Number of CPUs:     2
BLAS Info:          Generic
OPENMP Installed:   False
INTEL MKL Ext:      False
Platform Info:      Linux (x86_64)
Installation path:  /home/runner/work/qutip-tutorials/qutip-tutorials/qutip/qutip
================================================================================
================================================================================
For your convenience a bibtex reference can be easily generated using qutip.cite()


## Testing¶

In [10]:
# Weak coupling should be close
assert np.allclose(result_me_weak.expect[0],
result_brme_weak.expect[0], atol=0.05)
assert np.allclose(result_me_weak.expect[1],
result_brme_weak.expect[1], atol=0.05)

# Strong coupling should not be close
assert not np.allclose(result_me_strong.expect[0],
result_brme_strong.expect[0], atol=0.1)
assert not np.allclose(result_me_strong.expect[1],
result_brme_strong.expect[1], atol=0.1)

# Trace of states should be approx. 1
assert np.allclose([s.tr() for s in me_states.states],
np.ones(times.shape[0]))
assert np.allclose([s.tr() for s in brme_states.states],
np.ones(times.shape[0]))