# Floquet Formalism¶

Author: C. Staufenbiel, 2022

inspirations taken from the Floquet notebook by P.D. Nation and J.R. Johannson,

and the qutip documentation.

### Introduction¶

In the floquet_solver notebook we introduced the two functions to solve the Schrödinger and Master equation using the Floquet formalism. In this notebook, we will focus on the internal functions of these solvers, that implement the Floquet formalism in QuTiP. Here, we will focus on the Floquet modes and the quasienergies.

More information on the implementation of the Floquet Formalism in QuTiP can be found in the documentation.

### Imports¶

In [1]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from qutip import (about, expect, floquet_markov_mesolve,
floquet_master_equation_rates,
floquet_master_equation_tensor, floquet_modes,
floquet_modes_t, floquet_modes_t_lookup,
floquet_modes_table, floquet_state_decomposition,
floquet_wavefunction, floquet_wavefunction_t, fmmesolve,
ket2dm, num, plot_wigner, rand_ket, sesolve, sigmax, sigmaz)


### System setup¶

For consistency with the documentation we consider the driven system with the following Hamiltonian:

$$H = - \frac{\Delta}{2} \sigma_x - \frac{\epsilon_0}{2} \sigma_z + \frac{A}{2} \sigma_x sin(\omega t)$$
In [2]:
# Constants
delta = 0.2 * 2 * np.pi
eps0 = 1 * 2 * np.pi
A = 2.5 * 2 * np.pi
omega = 1.0 * 2 * np.pi
T = 2 * np.pi / omega

# Hamiltonian
H = [
-delta / 2.0 * sigmax() - eps0 / 2.0 * sigmaz(),
[A / 2 * sigmax(), "sin({w}*t)".format(w=omega)],
]


### Floquet modes and quasienergies¶

For periodic Hamiltonians the solution to the Schrödinger equation can be represented by the Floquet modes $\phi_\alpha(t)$ and the quasienergies $\epsilon_\alpha$. We can obtain these for the initial time $t=0$ by using the function floquet_modes(). We can display for example the first Floquet mode at $t=0$ using a Wigner distribution.

In [3]:
f_modes0, f_energies = floquet_modes(H, T)
plot_wigner(f_modes0[0]);


For the system defined above there are two eigenenergies. For the defined system, we can plot the two quasienergies for varying strength of driving $A$.

In [4]:
A_list = np.linspace(1.0 * omega, 4.5 * omega, 20)
quasienergies1, quasienergies2 = [], []
for A_tmp in A_list:
# temporary Hamiltonian
H_tmp = [
-delta / 2.0 * sigmax() - eps0 / 2.0 * sigmaz(),
[A_tmp / 2 * sigmax(), "sin({w}*t)".format(w=omega)],
]
# floquet modes and quasienergies
_, (e1, e2) = floquet_modes(H_tmp, T, sort=True)
quasienergies1.append(e1), quasienergies2.append(e2)

In [5]:
plt.scatter(A_list / omega, quasienergies1, label="e1")
plt.scatter(A_list / omega, quasienergies2, label="e2")
plt.xlabel("A / w"), plt.ylabel("Quasienergies")
plt.legend();


### Time evolution with Floquet mode¶

To calculate the time evolution of a random initial state $\psi(0)$, we have to decompose the state in the Floquet basis (formed by the Floquet modes).

$$\psi(0) = \sum_\alpha c_\alpha \phi_\alpha(0)$$

The $c_\alpha$ are calculated by floquet_state_decomposition.

In [6]:
# Decompose initial state
psi0 = rand_ket(2)
f_coeff = floquet_state_decomposition(f_modes0, f_energies, psi0)


The Floquet mode $\phi_\alpha(t)$ for later times $t>0$ can be calculated using the wave function propagator $U(t,0)$ by:

$$\phi_\alpha(t) = exp(-i\epsilon_\alpha t / \hbar) \, U(t,0) \, \phi_\alpha(0)$$

In QuTiP this is done by the floquet_modes_t function. Here we propagate the initial state to the state at $t=1$.

In [7]:
t = 1.0
f_modes1 = floquet_modes_t(f_modes0, f_energies, t, H, T)
f_modes1

Out[7]:
[Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = (2, 1), type = ket
Qobj data =
[[0.89846111+0.j        ]
[0.39260919-0.19653412j]],
Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = (2, 1), type = ket
Qobj data =
[[-0.39260919-0.19653412j]
[ 0.89846111+0.j        ]]]

The propagated Floquet modes $\phi_\alpha(t)$ can be combined to describe the full system state $\psi(t)$ at the time t. This combination can be done by floquet_wavefunction.

In [8]:
psi_t = floquet_wavefunction(f_modes1, f_energies, f_coeff, t)


Instead of propagating the Floquet modes and building them together manually, we can use the Floquet coefficients f_coeff from the initial state decomposition to calculate the propagated system state $\psi(t)$ by using floquet_wavefunction_t. This evolution is similar to the manual evolution above.

In [9]:
psi_t_direct = floquet_wavefunction_t(f_modes0, f_energies, f_coeff, t, H, T)
assert np.allclose(psi_t.full(), psi_t_direct.full())


### Precomputing and reusing the Floquet modes of one period¶

The Floquet modes have the same periodicity as the Hamiltonian:

$$\phi_\alpha(t + T) = \phi_\alpha(t)$$

Hence it is enough to evaluate the modes at times $t \in [0,T]$. From these modes we can extrapolate the system state $\psi(t)$ for any time $t$.

The function floquet_modes_table allows to calculate the Floquet modes for multiple times in the first period.

In [10]:
tlist_period = np.linspace(0, T, 50)
fmodes_table = floquet_modes_table(f_modes0, f_energies, tlist_period, H, T)


Again, the function floquet_wavefunction (introduced above) can be used to build the wavefunction $\psi(t)$. Here, we calculate the expectation value for the number operator in the first period.

In [11]:
p_ex_period = []
for i, t in enumerate(tlist_period):
psi_t = floquet_wavefunction(fmodes_table[i], f_energies, f_coeff, t)
p_ex_period.append(expect(num(2), psi_t))
plt.plot(tlist_period, p_ex_period)
plt.ylabel("Occupation prob."), plt.xlabel("Time");


The pre-computed modes for the first period can be used by the function floquet_modes_t_lookup to calculate the Floquet modes at any time $t > 0$. Note that if a time $t'$ is not exactly $t' = t + nT$ (where $t$ is a time used in the pre-computation) the closest pre-computed Floquet mode is used. This might lead to small discontinuoties in the results from the lookup.

In [12]:
p_ex = []
tlist = np.linspace(0, 10 * T, 10 * tlist_period.shape[0])
for n, t in enumerate(tlist):
f_modes_t = floquet_modes_t_lookup(fmodes_table, t, T)
psi_t = floquet_wavefunction(f_modes_t, f_energies, f_coeff, t)
p_ex.append(expect(num(2), psi_t))

# Plot the occupation Probability
plt.plot(tlist, p_ex, label="Lookup method")
plt.plot(tlist_period, p_ex_period, label="First period - precomputed")
plt.legend(loc="upper right")
plt.xlabel("Time"), plt.ylabel("Occupation prob.");


### Floquet Markov formalism¶

We can also solve a master equation using the Floquet formalism. A detailed derivation of the Floquet-Markov formalism used here is given in Grifoni et al., Physics Reports 304, 299 (1998) and in the QuTiP docs. Note that the functionality described here is summarised in the function fmmesolve described in the floquet solver notebook.

The interaction with the bath is described by a noise spectrum, which does not include the temperature dependency. The temperature dependency can be passed to fmmesolve using the keyword w_th in the args parameter: args[w_th]. Hence, the definition is slightly different to the one in the Bloch-Redfield formalism. For details see the derivation of the formalism.

Here we define a simple linear noise spectrum:

$$S(\omega) = \frac{\gamma \cdot \omega}{4 \pi}$$

where $\gamma$ is the dissipation rate. We use $\sigma_x$ as a coupling operator between system and bath.

In [13]:
# Noise Spectral Density
gamma = 0.1

def noise_spectrum(omega):
return gamma * omega / (4 * np.pi)

# Coupling Operator
c_ops = [sigmax()]

# bath temperature
temp = 10.0
args = {"w_th": temp}


The Floquet Markov approach starts by calculating rates, that describe the dissipation process of the system with the given spectrum and temperature of the bath. Especially important is Amat, which is later used to calculate the Floquet tensor for the master equation.

In theory the matrix is defined as an infinite sum (see docs). However, in QuTiP the sidebands need to be truncated to create a finite sum. This is done with the kmax argument.

In [14]:
kmax = 20

Delta, X, Gamma, Amat = floquet_master_equation_rates(
f_modes0, f_energies, c_ops[0], H, T, args, noise_spectrum,
temp, kmax, fmodes_table
)


Together with the quasienergies, the tensor for the Floquet master equation can be calculated.

In [15]:
R = floquet_master_equation_tensor(Amat, f_energies)


We can pass in the tensor, initial state, expectation value and expectation operator into the floquet_markov_mesolve function and obtain the time evolution of the system (i.e. expectation operator) using the Floquet formalism.

In [16]:
res_fme_manual = floquet_markov_mesolve(
R,
ket2dm(psi0),
tlist,
[num(2)],
floquet_basis=False,
f_modes_0=f_modes0,
f_modes_table_t=fmodes_table,
T=T,
f_energies=f_energies,
)


The functionality explained above is summarised in the fmmesolve function, which was introduced in the other Floquet notebook. Here, we also use this function to compare to our manual computation.

In [17]:
# Solve using Fmmesolve
fme_result = fmmesolve(
H,
psi0,
tlist,
c_ops=c_ops,
spectra_cb=[noise_spectrum],
e_ops=[num(2)],
T=T,
args=args,
floquet_basis=False,
)

plt.plot(tlist, res_fme_manual.expect[0], label="Manual Fmmesolve")
plt.plot(tlist, fme_result.expect[0], "--", label="fmmesolve")
plt.xlabel("Time"), plt.ylabel("<n>"), plt.legend();


In [18]:
about()

QuTiP: Quantum Toolbox in Python
================================
Copyright (c) QuTiP team 2011 and later.
Current admin team: Alexander Pitchford, Nathan Shammah, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Neill Lambert, Eric Giguère, Boxi Li, Jake Lishman, Simon Cross and Asier Galicia.
Board members: Daniel Burgarth, Robert Johansson, Anton F. Kockum, Franco Nori and Will Zeng.
Original developers: R. J. Johansson & P. D. Nation.
Currently developed through wide collaboration. See https://github.com/qutip for details.

QuTiP Version:      4.7.1.dev0+9098716
Numpy Version:      1.22.4
Scipy Version:      1.8.1
Cython Version:     0.29.32
Matplotlib Version: 3.5.2
Python Version:     3.10.4
Number of CPUs:     2
BLAS Info:          Generic
OPENMP Installed:   False
INTEL MKL Ext:      False
Platform Info:      Linux (x86_64)
Installation path:  /home/runner/work/qutip-tutorials/qutip-tutorials/qutip/qutip
================================================================================
================================================================================
For your convenience a bibtex reference can be easily generated using qutip.cite()


## Testing¶

In [19]:
assert np.allclose(fme_result.expect[0], res_fme_manual.expect[0], atol=0.1)
assert np.std(fme_result.expect[0][0: tlist_period.shape[0]]) > np.std(
fme_result.expect[0][-tlist_period.shape[0]: -1]
)
# compute prediction using sesolve
res_sesolve = sesolve(H, psi0, tlist, [num(2)])
assert np.allclose(res_sesolve.expect[0], p_ex, atol=0.15)